- Figure 3. Comparative use of the terms lumpenproletariat and underclass in the English language, 1840–2008. Note: Figure 1 is a Google Books Ngram, which visually illustrates how frequently the term lumpenproletariat appears in English-language books compared to other terms. The term shows a notable upsurge in usage during the 1960s and 1970s, but it is replaced by the term underclass in the 1980s. A Google Ngram of the same two terms in German (not included here) reveals a similar pattern.
Comparative Use of the Terms “Lumpenproletariat” and “Underclass” in the English Language, 1840-2008
From The Dangerous Class: The Concept of the Lumpenproletariat by Clyde W. Barrow
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