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  2. Piecemeal Protest: Animal Rights in the Age of Nonprofits

Piecemeal Protest: Animal Rights in the Age of Nonprofits

Corey Lee Wrenn 2019
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Given their tendency to splinter over tactics and goals, social movements are rarely unified. Following the modern Western animal rights movement over thirty years, Corey Lee Wrennapplies the sociological theory of Bourdieu, Goffman, Weber, and contemporary social movement researchers to examine structural conditions in the animal rights movement, facilitating factionalism in today's era of professionalized advocacy.

Modern social movements are dominated by bureaucratically oriented nonprofits, a special arrangement that creates tension between activists and movement elites who compete for success in a corporate political arena. Piecemeal Protest examines the impact of nonprofitization on factionalism and a movement's ability to mobilize, resonate, and succeed. Wrenn'sexhaustive analysis of archival movement literature and exclusive interviews with movement leaders illustrate how entities with greater symbolic capital are positioned to monopolize claims-making, disempower competitors, and replicate hegemonic power, eroding democratic access to dialogue and decision-making essential for movement health.

Piecemeal Protest examines social movement behavior shaped by capitalist ideologies and state interests. As power concentrates to the disadvantage of marginalized factions in the modern social movement arena, Piecemeal Protest shines light on processes of factionalism and considers how, in the age of nonprofits, intra-movement inequality could stifle social progress.

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  • 978-0-472-12625-5 (ebook)
  • 978-0-472-13167-9 (hardcover)
Subject
  • Sociology
  • Political Science
  • American Studies
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  • Table of Contents

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  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Preface
  • Timeline of the Western Nonhuman Animal Rights Movement
  • Chapter 1. Introduction
  • Chapter 2. Factional Matters
  • Chapter 3. Theories of Collective Mobilization
  • Chapter 4. First-Wave Animal Activism
  • Chapter 5. Second-Wave Animal Activism
  • Chapter 6. Animal Rights Rationalizes
  • Chapter 7. A Typology of Professionalization
  • Chapter 8. Professionalized Boundary Maintenance
  • Chapter 9. Grassroots Boundary Maintenance
  • Chapter 10. Intersectionality Entangles the Movement
  • Chapter 11. Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Index

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Chart demonstrating revenue sources of DXE. $424,426 sourced from contributions; $16,119 sourced from sales.

Direct Action Everywhere Revenue Sources

From Chapter 6

Figure 1. DXE revenue sources. Data based on 2016 IRS 990 form. $451,539 total revenue

The Vegan Society campaign poster. Depicts graphic art of lipstick. Reads, “Kiss Vegan. You don't have to be vegan to love vegan lipstick.”

#LoveVegan

From Chapter 7

Figure 2. Advert for the Vegan Society’s #LoveVegan campaign

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Compassion Over Killing. $16,859 from federated campaigns; $1,000,782 from contributions; $5,120 from sales; $66,592 from unspecified sources

COK Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 3. COK revenue sources. Data based on 2015 IRS 990 form. $1,083,111 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Farm Animal Rights Movement. $35,340 from federated campaigns; $1,308,440 from contributions; $64,956 from investments; $279,644 from sales; $43,908 from unspecified sources

FARM Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 4. FARM revenue sources. Data based on 2016 IRS 990 form. $1,767,628 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. $352,239 from federated campaigns; $42,980,550 from contributions; $604,171 from investments; $603,814 from sales; $68,765 from unspecified sources

PETA Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 5. PETA revenue sources. Data based on 2016 IRS 990 form. $44,609,539 total revenue

Chart demonstrating outreach revenue sources of Vegan Outreach. $16,033 from federated campaigns; $2,034,753 from contributions; $971 from investments; $17,061 from sales

Vegan Outreach Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 6. Vegan Outreach revenue sources. Data based on 2017 IRS 990 form. $2,068,818 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Humane Society of the United States. $452,226 from federated campaigns; $137,239,418 from contributions; $3,179,317 from investments; $1,066,810 from sales; $417,451 from unspecified sources

HSUS Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 7. HSUS revenue sources. Data based on 2017 IRS 990 form. $231,600,000 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of The Vegan Society. $17,000 from legacies; $176,000 from contributions; $1,170,000 from sales; $43,000 from unspecified sources

TVS Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 8. TVS revenue sources. Data based on Report and Financial Statements for December 2017. £1,406,000 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Viva! $108,741 from legacies; $269,641 from contributions; $666 from investments; $130,811 from sales

Viva! Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 9. Viva! revenue sources. Data based on report and financial statements for March 2015. £509,859 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Compassion in World Farming. $2,300,000 from legacies; $2,500,000 from grants; $2,987,422 from contributions; $243,595 from investments; $17,379 from sales; $7,456 from unspecified sources

CIWF Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 10. CIWF revenue sources.; Data based on Trustees’ Annual Report and Accounts, 2016–17. £8,055,852 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia. $12,192,000 from legacies; $2,000,000 from grants; $9,260,000 from contributions; $2,595,000 from investments; $12,529,000 from sales; 200,000 from unspecified sources

RSPCA Australia Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 11. RSPCA Australia revenue sources. Data based on 2017–18 annual report. $38,778,018 total revenue

Chart demonstrating revenue sources of Animals Australia. $4,691,041 in Monthly Giving and Membership; $3,996,581 in Donations; $303,839 in Bequests; $209,204 in Investments; $80,605 in Merchandise Sales; $31,876 in Other Income; $9,313,146 total revenue.

Animals Australia Revenue

From Chapter 7

Figure 12. Animals Australia revenue sources. Data based on 2017–18 annual report. $9,313,146 total revenue

FARM campaign banner. Reads, “Join the FARM underground liberation team” in rustic typewriter font. On the left side of the image, there is a man in a black hoodie with dark sunglasses shouting into a megaphone. On the right, a conventionally dressed woman is depicted holding a petition clipboard and distributing vegan literature.

FARM “Underground Liberation Team

From Chapter 8

Figure 13. FARM “Underground Liberation Team” banner

Two page story titled, “Meet Our Grassroots Gang!” from PETA's “Animal Times” magazine. Shows six staff members in casual dress gathered around each other; the center member is dressed in a white rat costume. The story is illustrated with several images of the staff at work, answering phones, sorting mail, etc. as well as several short stories describing a typical day in the office. Text is too small to be legible.

PETA Grassroots Gang

From Chapter 8

Figure 14. From the September–October 1995 issue of PETA’s Animal Times

The Abolitionist Vegan Society banner: “What organization will you support? With The Abolitionist Vegan Society, what you have is an animal organization that has never and will never sell out animal interests. An animal organization that has a mission that is straightforward. An animal organization where the net proceeds go to promoting abolitionist veganism (not paying the Founder/Executive Director, employee wages, or rent) (and not to promoting a watered-down donation-generating version of animal 'rights'). An animal organization that refuses, under any circumstance, to compromise the moral baseline of veganism. An animal organization that refuses to use sexist, racist, or other discriminatory tactics to attempt to advance animal rights. An animal organization that knows violence is the problem (not the solution). Go vegan. Educate others. Adopt/foster.”

TAVS Meme

From Chapter 9

Figure 15. The Abolitionist Vegan Society fund-raising poster

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals advertisement featuring a confident looking white woman with a hand on her hip. She is wearing a modest bikini with an American flag print with a link of sausages tossed over her shoulder. She is smling at the viewer. Primary text of ad reads: “I threw a party but the cattlement couldn't come.” Minor text of ad reads: “Eating meat can cause impotence. Call my hotline at 1-900-GET-ON-UP.”

Cattlemen Party Ad 1990s

From Chapter 10

Figure 16. PETA campaign from 1990s

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals advertisement featuring a pornographic image of a white woman in a string bikini. She is pulling her bikini bottoms off with one hand and holding a large link of sausages thrown over her shoulder with her other hand. Her hip is canted. Main text reads, “I threw a party, but the cattlemen couldn't come.” Minor text reads, “Eating meat can cause impotence. Go vegan!”

Cattlemen Party Ad 2010s

From Chapter 10

Figure 17. PETA campaign from 2014. Photograph from PETA.org

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