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  3. Tribal Pastoralists in Transition: The Baharvand of Luristan, Iran

Tribal Pastoralists in Transition: The Baharvand of Luristan, Iran

Frank Hole and Sekandar Amanolahi-Baharvand
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In the spring of 1973, the Baharvand tribe from the Luristan province of central western Iran prepared to migrate from their winter pastures to their summer camp in the mountains. Seasonal migration in spring and fall had been their way of life for as long as anyone in the camp could remember. They moved their camp and their animals—sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, and chickens—in order to find green pastures and suitable temperatures. That year, one migrating family in the tribe allowed an outsider to make the trip with them. Anthropology professor Frank Hole, accompanied by his graduate student, Sekandar Amanolahi-Baharvand, traveled with the family of Morad Khan as they migrated into the mountains. In this volume, Hole describes the journey, the modern and prehistoric sites along the way, and the people he traveled with. It is a portrait of people in transition—even as the family follows the ancient migration path, there are signs of economic and social change everywhere. Illustrated.

Supplementary videos (on the migration, weaving, harvesting, and the bazaars) can be found on Fulcrum (fulcrum.org/UMMAA).         
 
  • Contents
  • List of Illustrations
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1: Genesis of the migration project
  • Chapter 2: Sekandar’s story
  • Chapter 3: Luristan: homeland of the Baharvand
  • Chapter 4: The pastoral nomads of Luristan
  • Chapter 5: From Dezful to Chin-i Zal
  • Chapter 6: Morad Khan’s camp
  • Chapter 7: Tribal customs
  • Chapter 8: Waiting for the word
  • Chapter 9: Crossing Kialon Kuh
  • Chapter 10: Daily life on the trail
  • Chapter 11: Settlers in Bala Griveh
  • Chapter 12: Atawak’s memories: how it was
  • Chapter 13: The promised land
  • Chapter 14: An ancient pastoral camp
  • Chapter 15: A last look at the nomads
  • Chapter 16: The situation of the nomads in the twentieth century
  • Chapter 17: A history of the Baharvand
  • Chapter 18: Postscript
  • Bibliography
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Published: 2021
Publisher: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropological Archaeology
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-915703-99-9 (paper)
  • 978-1-951538-74-3 (ebook)
Series
  • Anthropological Papers Series
Subject
  • History
  • Anthropology

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Map of Luristan in western Iran

From frontispiece

The location of Luristan in western Iran, showing the Zagros Mountains and principal cities.

Photo of Morad Khan's camp

From Preface

Figure 0.1. Looking down over the Chin-i Zal Valley, with Morad Khan’s five black tents in the foreground. The Zal River flows through the gorge in the mountain ridge.

Photo of a rockshelter in Khorramabad Valley

From Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. We were excavating at this rockshelter, Gar Arjeneh, in the Khorramabad Valley when we first met Sekandar.

Photo of Sekandar Amanolahi-Baharvand

From Chapter 2

Figure 2.1. Sekandar as a high school student in 1954.

Map showing tribal territories of western Iran

From Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. Locations of the prominent subdivisions of the Lurs.

Map showing Bala Griveh, homeland of the Lurs

From Chapter 3

Figure 3.2. The territory of Bala Griveh, homeland of the Baharvand Lur tribe.

Map of anticlinal ridges in Luristan

From Chapter 3

Figure 3.3. Luristan is composed of a series of anticlinal ridges, squeezed accordion-like by the Arabian continental plate sliding under the Eurasian plate. From Khuzistan to Khorramabad, the ridges and valleys ascend in height.

Satellite image of mountains in Bala Griveh

From Chapter 3

Figure 3.4 (opposite page). Seen by satellite, Bala Griveh is mostly mountainous, with only narrow valleys between the ridges.

Photo of Dezul, along the Dez River in Iran

From Chapter 5

Figure 5.1. The old city of Dezful is built alongside the Dez River. The Sasanian bridge and foundations of ancient mills jut into the river. People swim and wash their trucks and sheep and goats in the river.

Photo of houses in Dezful, Iran

From Chapter 5

Figure 5.2. Traditional houses with arches and interior courtyards have been cut to make way for new thoroughfares into the heart of the city.

Satellite image of Dezful, Iran

From Chapter 5

Figure 5.4. A satellite image shows the layout of modern Dezful. The riverside houses have given way to new roads, and the old city center is surrounded by gridded housing developments (Google Earth Pro).

Photo of Mohammad Ali

From Chapter 5

Figure 5.5. Mohammad Ali, our constant companion, wore typical men’s dress: a Western-style suit jacket, shirt unbuttoned at the neck, baggy Luri pants, a felted skullcap, and molded plastic shoes.

Photo of Morad Khan preparing for migration

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.1. Morad Khan’s tent. He is at right, removing brush from the base of the walls, preparatory to taking down the tent and closing camp.

Photo of Moran Khan's winter camp

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.2. Morad Khan’s winter camp is sheltered by a small ridge on the north side. There are five black tents. The canvas tent, used by the schoolteacher and later by us, is on the left.

Photo of stone walls that surround tents in winter

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.3. Winter camps are sheltered with stone walls that enclose the tents.

Photo of Sekandar and Safarali packing a donkey

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.4. Sekandar (left) and Safarali finish packing a donkey for its trip to the highway, where its baggage will be loaded onto a truck. Kialon Kuh is in the background.

Photo of ruins of Dahreh-Shahr

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.5. The remains of Dareh-Shahr, a Sasanian city that was conquered and destroyed during the Arab invasion of AD 641. Similar vaulted buildings are in Chin-i Zal and other valleys of Luristan.

Photo of ancient terraces

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.6. Despite low rainfall, which makes rain-fed agriculture problematic, people in the ancient past—perhaps Sasanian times—cultivated crops on terraces, the remains of which are seen here as parallel horizontal lines on the talus of the distant mountain.

Photo of Mukhtar, the camp teacher and son of Morad Khan

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.7. Mukhtar (left), son of Morad Khan, taught boys from nearby nomad camps. School was held in the white tent or in the open, depending on weather.

Photo of Iraj

From Chapter 6

Figure 6.8. Little Iraj, nephew of Mohammad Ali and son of Hirdali and Sadigha, is watching his mother work.

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