The unending frontier: an environmental history of the early modern world

Richards, John F.

John F. Richards

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Adapted from Richard Eaton, The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), map 4.

Bengal in the Mughal age.

Map 1.1 Bengal in the Mughal age.

Adapted from Jonathan I. Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), maps 1 and 11.

United Provinces in the golden age, showing areas reclaimed from the sea, river estuaries, and lakes in medieval and early modern times.

Map 1.2 United Provinces in the golden age, showing areas reclaimed from the sea, river estuaries, and lakes in medieval and early modern times.

Adapted from James L. A. Webb, Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), map 1.2, p. 10.

Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1600.

Map 2.1 Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1600.

Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1850.

Map 2.2 Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1850.

Adapted from Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), map 5.4, pp. 182-83.

Dutch empire in Asia, c. 1670.

Map 3.1 Dutch empire in Asia, c. 1670.

Adapted from John Robert Shepherd, Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600-1800 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1993), map 6.4, p. 175.

Expansion of Han agricultural settlement.

Map 3.2 Expansion of Han agricultural settlement.

Adapted from Sucheta Mazumdar, Sugar and Society in China: Peasants, Technology, and the World Market (Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 1998), map 2, p. 16.

Late imperial China under the Qing dynasty.

Map 4.1 Late imperial China under the Qing dynasty.

Adapted from James Reardon-Anderson, "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty," Environmental History 5, no. 4 (2000), map 1, p. 505.

Manchuria under the Qing dynasty.

Map 4.2 Manchuria under the Qing dynasty.

Adapted from Conrad Totman, Early Modern Japan (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993), map 2, p. xiv; map 3, p. xv.

Japan and Ezo.

Map 5.1 Japan and Ezo.

Adapted from John Hatcher, Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal, vol. 1 of The History of the British Coal Industry (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), map 1.1, pp. 4-5.

Coalfields in the British Isles, c. 1700.

Map 6.1 Coalfields in the British Isles, c. 1700.

Adapted from David Moon, "Peasant Migration and the Settlement of Russia's Frontiers, 1550-1897," The Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (1997): 860.

Russia's political frontiers, 1550-1897.

Map 7.1 Russia's political frontiers, 1550-1897.

Adapted from David Moon, "Peasant Migration and the Settlement of Russia's Frontiers, 1550-1897," The Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (1997): 875.

Russia's environmental belts.

Map 7.2 Russia's environmental belts.

Adapted from D. J. B. Shaw, "Southern Frontiers of Muscovy, 1550-1700," in Studies in Russian Historical Geography, ed. James H. Bater and R. A. French (London: Academic Press, 1983), fig. 6.3, p. 128.

The Belgorod Line in the mid-seventeenth century.

Map 7.3 The Belgorod Line in the mid-seventeenth century.

The Simbirsk Line and settlement of the Volga Basin.

Map 7.4 The Simbirsk Line and settlement of the Volga Basin.

Adapted from William M. Freund, "The Cape under the Transitional Governments, 1795-1814," in The Shaping of South African Society, 1652-1840, ed. Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), fig. 7.1, p. 326.

South Africa in 1803.

Map 8.1 South Africa in 1803.

Adapted from Terry G. Jordan, North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993), fig. 17, p. 66.

Early cattle ranching in the West Indies.

Map 9.1 Early cattle ranching in the West Indies.

Spanish colonial Mexico

Map 10.1 Spanish colonial Mexico

Adapted from A. J. R. Russell-Wood, A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415-1808 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993), p. 142, and Warren Dean, With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), map 1, p. 3.

Portuguese America and the Brazilian Atlantic forest, 1750.

Map 11.1 Portuguese America and the Brazilian Atlantic forest, 1750.

Adapted from Clarissa Kimber,Martinique Revisited: The Changing Plant Geographies of a West Indian Island (College Station: Texas A & M University, 1988), map 19, p. 114.

Progress of settlement in Martinique in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Map 12.1 Progress of settlement in Martinique in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Adapted from David Watts, The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture, and Environmental Change since 1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), fig. 7.3, p. 295.id., 205-6.

Jamaica in the eighteenth century.

Map 12.2 Jamaica in the eighteenth century.

Journal Abbreviation	Label	URL
ENVH	9.1 (Jan. 2004)	http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/eh/9.1/br_2.html
TC	45.4 (October 2004): 861-862	http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/v045/45.4oslund.html
AHR	109.3 (June 2004)	http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.3/br_5.html

HEB Id	Title	Authors	Publication Information
	Land Degradation and Society.	Blaikie, Piers M., and H. C. Brookfield.	Methuen, 1987.
heb02364.0001.001	With Broadax and Firebrand: The Destruction of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.	Dean, Warren.	Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
heb02373.0001.001	The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760.	Eaton, Richard M.	Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
	Men and Whales.	Ellis, Richard.	New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.
heb02372.0001.001	Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture.	Hanley, Susan B.	Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
heb02370.0001.001	Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan, 1500-1850.	Perdue, Peter C.	Cambridge: The Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1987.
heb02371.0001.001	The Mughal Empire.	Richards, John F.	Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
heb02369.0001.001	Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600-1800.	Shepherd, John Robert.	Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.
heb02365.0001.001	The Green Archipelago: Forestry in Preindustrial Japan.	Totman, Conrad.	Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
heb02367.0001.001	The Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660.	Trigger, Bruce G.	Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987.
	The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture, and Environmental Change since 1492.	Watts, David.	Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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The unending frontier: an environmental history of the early modern world

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Bengal in the Mughal age.

United Provinces in the golden age, showing areas reclaimed from the sea, river estuaries, and lakes in medieval and early modern times.

Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1600.

Western Sahel, approximate location of ecological zones, c. 1850.

Dutch empire in Asia, c. 1670.

Expansion of Han agricultural settlement.

Late imperial China under the Qing dynasty.

Manchuria under the Qing dynasty.

Japan and Ezo.

Coalfields in the British Isles, c. 1700.

Russia's political frontiers, 1550-1897.

Russia's environmental belts.

The Belgorod Line in the mid-seventeenth century.

The Simbirsk Line and settlement of the Volga Basin.

South Africa in 1803.

Early cattle ranching in the West Indies.

Spanish colonial Mexico

Portuguese America and the Brazilian Atlantic forest, 1750.

Progress of settlement in Martinique in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

Jamaica in the eighteenth century.

The unending frontier: an environmental history of the early modern world

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