Figure 3.1. A diagram showing how power, capital, and everyday life may be related to the social production of space. Created by the author based on H. Lefebvre’s conceptual triads as represented by R. Milgrom and Lucien Kroll, Design, Difference, Everyday Life in Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre, ed. Goonewardena, K., et al, 2008, New York: Routledge, 2008), fig. 16.1.*

Figure 4.1. Different types of syntactic analyses of a small settlement (a) using space syntax tools and techniques. In these renderings, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. These analyses were performed by Spatialist (Peponis, J., et al., Spatialist, Georgia Tech Research Corporation: Atlanta, GA, 1997)

Figure 4.2. Different types of syntactic cores. In these renderings, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. This analysis was performed by Depthmap (A. Turner, UCL Depthmap: Spatial Network Analysis Software, London, 2010.) (a) Tree type syntactic structure, Boston, USA. (b) Grid type syntactic structure, Chicago, USA. (c) Super grid type syntactic structure, Abu Dhabi, UAE. (d) Deformed wheel type syntactic structure, Bristol, UK. (Created by the author.)

Figure 4.3. The dual structure in the axial map of Baghdad colored using Integration-Rn. In this rendering, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. (Created by the author.) This analysis was performed by Depthmap (A. Turner, UCL Depthmap: Spatial Network Analysis Software, London, 2010.)

Figure 4.4. The dual structure in the segment map of Baghdad colored using Integration-Rn. In this rendering, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. (Created by the author.) This analysis was performed by Depthmap (A. Turner, UCL Depthmap: Spatial Network Analysis Software, London, 2010.)

Figure 5.1. (a) A world map showing the locations of Algiers in relation to the Mediterranean Sea, and of Zanzibar in relation to the Indian Ocean. (b) A map of Algeria showing the location of Algiers. (c) A map of Zanzibar Island showing the location of Zanzibar. (Created by the author.)

Figure 6.1. Algiers, by Antonio Salamanca, 1541 (or after one of the engravings derived from it). Plate 59, volume II in Civitates Orbis Terrarum, edited by Georg Braun, Franz Hogenberg, and Simon Novellanus van den Neuvel. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/algeria/algiers/maps/braun_hogenberg_II_59_b.jpg (August 3, 2011). (Source: Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library.)

Figure 6.2. Area around Bab Azoun, Algiers, by Antonio Salamanca, 1541 (or after one of the engravings derived from it). Plate 59, volume II in Civitates Orbis Terrarum, edited by Georg Braun, Franz Hogenberg, and Simon Novellanus van den Neuvel. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/algeria/algiers/maps/braun_hogenberg_II_59_b.jpg (August 3, 2011). (Source: Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library.)

Figure 6.3. Area around Bab el-Oued, Algiers, by Antonio Salamanca, 1541 (or after one of the engravings derived from it). Plate 59, volume II in Civitates Orbis Terrarum, edited by Georg Braun, Franz Hogenberg, and Simon Novellanus van den Neuvel. http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/algeria/algiers/maps/braun_hogenberg_II_59_b.jpg (August 3, 2011). (Source: Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Jewish National and University Library.)

Figure 6.4. The everyday life in the maidan in front of the Jenina Palace (currently Martyrs Square) on an engraving of 1832. The palace was demolished in the same year. (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Place_et_palais_de_la_Jenina_1832.jpg.)

Figure 6.5. Plan of the citadel (1830). A-palace of Dey; P-palace of the Beys; F-mosque of Dey; Y-mosque janissaries; I, K -Harem. (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alger_Plan_de_la_Citadelle.jpeg.)

Figure 6.6. A Bird’s eye view of Algiers, c. 1690. Etched by Gaspar Bouttats. Krogt, Atlantes Neerlandici, Vol. IV–1, p. 471.

Figure 6.7. The French map of Ottoman Algiers in 1830 showing its complex street patterns. The main streets of the city are shown in dark lines. (Source: http://alger-roi.fr/Alger/documents_algeriens/culturel/images/75_rue_plan_1831.jpg.)

Figure 6.8. A narrow stepped street in the upper part of Ottoman Algiers with tiny shops on each side. (Source: https://www.worldheritagesite.org/list/Kasbah+of+Algiers.)

Figure 6.9. In Ottoman Algiers, high overhead projections such as these and extra steps in front of buildings were regularly permitted, thus increasing the complexity of the shape of its streets. (Source: Library of Congress; http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsc.05528)

Figure 6.10. In Ottoman Algiers, each moderate-to-large house had its own courtyards that allowed access to light and open air. In this photo, Algerian women are making carpet in a courtyard. (Source: Library of Congress; http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ppmsc.05556.)

Figure 6.11. General view taken from the top of the casbah in 1830. (Source: http://quintessences.unblog.fr/2018/03/23/la-casbah-dalger-au-17eme-siecle/.)

Figure 6.12. The axial map (a) and the segment map (b) of Ottoman Algiers, colored using the choice value of each line. In these renderings, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. The lines/segments with the highest choice values appear to follow the main streets of the city. (Created by the author.)

Figure 6.13. The axial map (a) and the segment map (b) of Ottoman Algiers, colored using the integration value of each line. In these renderings, the color ranges from red representing higher values to blue representing lower values. The lines/segments with the highest integration values appear to follow the main streets of the city. (Created by the author.)

Figure 6.14. The casernas, zawiyas, hammams, mosques, and city gates of Ottoman Algiers. Created by the author based on Nabila Cherif-Seffadj, “Waqf et gestion des bains publics à Alger durant la période ottomane (XVIe-XIXe siècle),” Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée [En ligne], 119–120 | novembre 2007, mis en ligne le 06 mars 2012, consulté le 24 décembre 2018. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/remmm/4273.