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  3. Partnering with Extremists: Coalitions between Mainstream and Far-Right Parties in Western Europe

Partnering with Extremists: Coalitions between Mainstream and Far-Right Parties in Western Europe

Kimberly A. Twist
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  • Overview

  • Contents

As long as far-right parties—known chiefly for their vehement opposition to immigration—have competed in contemporary Western Europe, many have worried about these parties' acceptability to democratic voters and mainstream parties. Yet, rather than treating the far right as pariahs, major mainstream-right parties have included the far right in 15 governing coalitions from 1994 to 2017. Parties do not care equally about all issues at any given time, and Kimberly Twist demonstrates that far-right parties will agree to support the mainstream right's goals more readily than many other parties, making them appealing partners.

Partnering with Extremists builds on existing work on coalition formation and party goals to propose a theory of coalition formation that works across countries and over time. The evidence comes from 19 case studies of coalition formation in Austria and the Netherlands, countries where far-right parties have been excluded when they could have been included and included when the mainstream right had other options. The argument is then extended to countries where coalitions are less common, France and the United Kingdom, and to cases of mainstream-right adoption of far-right themes. Twist incorporates both office and policy considerations in her argument and reimagines "policy" to be a two-dimensional factor; it matters not just where parties are located on an issue but how firmly they hold those positions.

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • List of Party Abbreviations
  • One. The Mainstream Right, the Far Right, and Coalition Formation in Western Europe
  • Two. How the Mainstream Right Makes Coalition Decisions
  • Three. The Rise of the Far Right in Austria and the Netherlands
  • Four. Coalition Formation in Austria
  • Five. Coalition Formation in the Netherlands
  • Six. Borrowing from the Far Right
  • Seven. Responding to the Far Right in France and the United Kingdom
  • Eight. Conclusion
  • Appendixes
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Index
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Published: 2019
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-13134-1 (hardcover)
  • 978-0-472-12520-3 (ebook)
Subject
  • Political Science:Governance
  • Political Science:Political Behavior and Public Opinion

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Test of arguments presented in Minkenberg (2013, 18) and van Spanje (2010, 359), using expert data from Bakker et al. (2015) and (2012). The outlier case is the 2011 True Finns party, rated a 5.1 by experts on a 0-10 left-right scale, but rated 9.0 and 9.4 on opposition to immigration and multiculturalism, respectively. This coincides with scholars’ assessments that the True Finns were a far-right party at this time (e.g., Arter 2015, 1350).

Far-right extremity and seat share, 1996-2014

From Chapter 2

Fig. 2.1. Far-right extremity and seat share, 1996–2014

Replication of analysis in de Lange (2008), using 1980-2017 data in 12 countries, as in table 2.1. The parties excluded after winning more than 15% of the national seats: the Austrian FPO ̈ in 1990, 1994, 1995, 2008, and 2013, the True Finns in 2011, and the Norwegian Progress Party in 2005 and 2009. For more on these coalitions, see the case summaries in appendix 2.3, as well as chapter 4 on Austrian coalitions.

Seat share of far-right parties that were excluded from government

From Chapter 2

Fig. 2.2. Seat share of far-right parties excluded from government

Replication of analysis in de Lange (2008), using 1980-2017 data in 12 countries, as in table 2.1.

Seat share of far-right parties that were included in government

From Chapter 2

Fig. 2.3. Seat share of far-right parties included in government

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