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When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
John V. A. Fine, Jr.
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"This is history as it should be written. In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, a logical advancement on his earlier studies, Fine has successfully tackled a fascinating historical question, one having broad political implications for our own times. Fine's approach is to demonstrate how ideas of identity and self-identity were invented and evolved in medieval and early-modern times. At the same time, this book can be read as a critique of twentieth-century historiography-and this makes Fine's contribution even more valuable. This book is an original, much-needed contribution to the field of Balkan studies."
-Steve Rapp, Associate Professor of Caucasian, Byzantine, and Eurasian History, and Director, Program in World History and Cultures Department of History, Georgia State University Atlanta
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans is a study of the people who lived in what is now Croatia during the Middle Ages (roughly 600-1500) and the early-modern period (1500-1800), and how they identified themselves and were identified by others. John V. A. Fine, Jr., advances the discussion of identity by asking such questions as: Did most, some, or any of the population of that territory see itself as Croatian? If some did not, to what other communities did they consider themselves to belong? Were the labels attached to a given person or population fixed or could they change? And were some people members of several different communities at a given moment? And if there were competing identities, which identities held sway in which particular regions?
In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, Fine investigates the identity labels (and their meaning) employed by and about the medieval and early-modern population of the lands that make up present-day Croatia. Religion, local residence, and narrow family or broader clan all played important parts in past and present identities. Fine, however, concentrates chiefly on broader secular names that reflect attachment to a city, region, tribe or clan, a labeled people, or state.
The result is a magisterial analysis showing us the complexity of pre-national identity in Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia. There can be no question that the medieval and early-modern periods were pre-national times, but Fine has taken a further step by demonstrating that the medieval and early-modern eras in this region were also pre-ethnic so far as local identities are concerned. The back-projection of twentieth-century forms of identity into the pre-modern past by patriotic and nationalist historians has been brought to light. Though this back-projection is not always misleading, it can be; Fine is fully cognizant of the danger and has risen to the occasion to combat it while frequently remarking in the text that his findings for the Balkans have parallels elsewhere.
John V. A. Fine, Jr. is Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
-Steve Rapp, Associate Professor of Caucasian, Byzantine, and Eurasian History, and Director, Program in World History and Cultures Department of History, Georgia State University Atlanta
When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans is a study of the people who lived in what is now Croatia during the Middle Ages (roughly 600-1500) and the early-modern period (1500-1800), and how they identified themselves and were identified by others. John V. A. Fine, Jr., advances the discussion of identity by asking such questions as: Did most, some, or any of the population of that territory see itself as Croatian? If some did not, to what other communities did they consider themselves to belong? Were the labels attached to a given person or population fixed or could they change? And were some people members of several different communities at a given moment? And if there were competing identities, which identities held sway in which particular regions?
In When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans, Fine investigates the identity labels (and their meaning) employed by and about the medieval and early-modern population of the lands that make up present-day Croatia. Religion, local residence, and narrow family or broader clan all played important parts in past and present identities. Fine, however, concentrates chiefly on broader secular names that reflect attachment to a city, region, tribe or clan, a labeled people, or state.
The result is a magisterial analysis showing us the complexity of pre-national identity in Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia. There can be no question that the medieval and early-modern periods were pre-national times, but Fine has taken a further step by demonstrating that the medieval and early-modern eras in this region were also pre-ethnic so far as local identities are concerned. The back-projection of twentieth-century forms of identity into the pre-modern past by patriotic and nationalist historians has been brought to light. Though this back-projection is not always misleading, it can be; Fine is fully cognizant of the danger and has risen to the occasion to combat it while frequently remarking in the text that his findings for the Balkans have parallels elsewhere.
John V. A. Fine, Jr. is Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
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Cover
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Title
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Copyright
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Dedication
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Acknowledgments
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Contents
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Maps
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Introduction
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ONEThe Setting, Including the Slavic and Croat Migrations
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Overview of the Medieval History of the Western Balkans
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The Migrations
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus
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TWOCroats and Slavs to 1102
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Brief Historical Summary
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The Sources on the Western Balkans Prior to 1102
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Constantine Porphyrogenitus
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The Lombards
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The Franks
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The Venetians
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The Arabs in Sicily and Spain
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The Papacy
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Croatia Itself in the Ninth Century
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The Dalmatians (Split)
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An Early Czech Source
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Late References to Croats Produce Alternative Theories
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Issues of Language
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The Church in Dalmatia and Its Language
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The Language Spoken in Croatia and Dalmatia
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Early Accounts of the Death of King Zvonimir
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A Miscellany of (Mostly) Domestic Sources
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Croatia Proper (Eleventh Century to 1102)
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In the South
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Conclusions (up to 1102)
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THREESlavonia, Dalmatia, and “Velebitia” after 1102
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The Events of 1102
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Slavonia, 1102–1400
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Dalmatia and “Velebitia,” 1102–ca. 1340
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Setting the Scene: The Different Actors and Their Perceptions of Who Was Who up to ca. 1340
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King Koloman Establishes Hungarian Rule and the Terminology of the Hungarian Administration to ca. 1340
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The Dalmatian Cities
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Church Discussions on Slavonic
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The Term “Dalmatian” as an Identity
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Dubrovnik's Terminology
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A Brief Byzantine Interlude (1143–80)
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The Arab Geographer Idrīsī
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Smaller Regional Identities
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Venice's Terminology
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Cathar and International Catholic Terminology
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Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia from the Mid–Fourteenth Century, and the Venetian-Hungarian Rivalry, up to the Ottoman Conquest
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Setting the Scene, 1340s to ca. 1500
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Dalmatia and Croatia
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The Vocabulary Used by Venice (1340s–1500)
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Hungary's Vocabulary, ca. 1350–1450
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References to Communities Possibly Labeled Ethnically: Croats and Vlachs
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Other Significant Fifteenth-Century Mentions of “Croats/Croatia”
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Typical Vocabulary Used in Croatia and Dalmatia
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Church Matters
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Identity in Dubrovnik in the Fifteenth Century
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Vocabulary Used about Dalmatia/Croatia in Italy
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Growth of the Zvonimir Legend in the Fourteenth Century
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Slavonia in the Fifteenth Century
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The Turkish Threat (1493–1526)
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The First and Only Pre-1500 Clearly Ethnic Croat
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What Language Did People Speak in Dalmatia and “Velebitia,” 1102–1500?
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Conclusions (1102–1500)
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FOURPerceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats, 1500 to 1600
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Brief Historical Survey
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The “Croat” Identity Camp
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Five Sixteenth-Century Authors Find Ethnicity in Connection with the Croats
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Other Sixteenth-Century Figures Advancing the “Croat” Name
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Protestants
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The Catholic Response
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Items Labeled “Croatian”
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University Registers and “Croats” Elsewhere
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Ottoman Terminology
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Official Habsburg Terminology
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The Uskoks
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Travellers
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The “Slav,” “Illyrian,” or “Dalmatian” Identity Camp
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The Slavist Camp in the Sixteenth Century
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Vinko Pribojević
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Mavro Orbini and a Brief Note on Jacob Luccari
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Others in the “Slavic Camp”
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Three Slavonian Writers
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The Jesuits in Slavonia
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Foreigners Define Their Neighbors
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Those Who Chose the Term “Illyrian”
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Church “Illyrianists”
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Protestants
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“Dalmatianists”
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City Identities and Regional Ones (Other than “Dalmatian”)
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General Thoughts on the Sixteenth Century
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FIVEPerceptions of Slavs, Illyrians, and Croats in Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and Croatia Proper, 1600 to 1800
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Introductory Remarks
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The Dominant “Slavic” and “Illyrian” Camps
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Dalmatia's “Slavic” Camp
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Juraj Baraković
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Mate Alberti
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Jerolim Kavanjin
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Andrija Kačić-Miošić
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Ivan (Dživo) Gundulić
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Andrija Zmajević's Church Chronicle
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Julius Palmotić
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Jacob Mikalja
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Discussions on What Slavic Language/Dialect to Use
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Textbooks on Language/Geography, Dictionaries
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Other Texts
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A Miscellany of Uses of “Slavic”
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Ragusan Broad Pan-Slavism in the Eighteenth Century
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Items Called “Slavic”
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The Continuation of the Term “Illyrian” in Dalmatia
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Serafin/Saro Crijević
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Ardelio Della Bella
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Other Texts on Language
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Texts on Other Subjects
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A Miscellany of References to “Illyrian”
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Illyrian and Slavic Mixed in Dalmatia
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Johannes Lucius and His Circle
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Injacijo Gjorgji
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Sebastian Dolci or Slade
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Djuro Ferić
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Those Advancing a Dalmatian Category
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Use of the Term “Croatian” in Dubrovnik and Venetian Dalmatia
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Those Using “Croatian” along with Other Terms
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Ivan Tanzlingher-Zanotti
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Filip Grabovac
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Others
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Foreigners' Use of Terms about Dalmatia
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Italians
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Official Venice
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Alberto Fortis and a Dalmatian's Response to Him
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Individual Italians
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Other European Observers
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Ottoman Sources
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Croatia Proper under Austria
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The Military Frontier
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Use of Term “Croatian” in and about Croatia Proper
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The End of Venetian Dalmacia (1797)
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The Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and Religious Orders
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Michael Priuli's Visitation of Dalmatia in 1603
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Zadar
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Isle of Krk
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Third Order Franciscans (Including Zadar and Krk)
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Hvar and Brač
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Bartol Kašić
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The Ragusan Church
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Scattered Church Uses of “Slavic”
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Scattered Church Uses of “Illyrian”
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The Jesuits on the Adriatic Coast
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Scattered Church Uses of “Dalmatian”
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The Issue of Printing Church Books in Slavonic
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Ivan Tomko Mrnavić
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The South Slav Guesthouse in Rome
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Schools for Illyrians in Italy
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The Term “Illyrian” in Dealing with the Orthodox
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Debate on Vernacular versus Church Slavonic in Texts in the Eighteenth Century
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Western Balkan Schools
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Use of Term “Croatian” in Church Sources
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In Venetian Dalmatia
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From Habsburg Croatia
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Broad “Slavism” among Churchmen
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Lošinj's Troubles and the Crisis over Illyrian in Churches, ca. 1802
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M. Bogović's Summary of “Identity” among Church-Oriented West Balkanites
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SIXSlavonia, 1600 to 1800
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Setting the Scene in the Seventeenth Century
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Jesuits
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South Slavs at the University of Graz in the Eighteenth Century
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The Osijek School under State Supervision
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The Croatian College in Vienna
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Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and Religious Orders in Slavonia
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Juraj Rattkay
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Recovery of Turkish Slavonia
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Paul Ritter Vitezović
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Implications of Terms
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Juraj Habdelić, Andrija Jambrešić, and Ivan Belostenec
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Matija Petar Katančić
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Antun Kanižlić
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Antun Ivanošić
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Matija Antun Reljković
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Terminology Used by the Church Hierarchy and Religious Orders in Eighteenth-Century Slavonia
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Other More Secularly Minded Slavonians
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Petrovaradin
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Thoughts on Language in Slavonia
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The Debate on Joakim Stulli's Dictionary
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Habsburg Terminology
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Baltazar Adam Krčelić
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Tito Brezovački
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Ignjat Martinović
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Habsburg and Habsburg Catholic Church Terminology in Dealing with the Orthodox
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Djordje Branković
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The Serbian Church
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Foreigners Visit Slavonia
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Friedrich Wilhelm von Taube
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Balthasar Hacquet
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Other Foreigners
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Labels in Latin-Letter Proto-Serbo-Croatian Published Books
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Epilogue
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Conclusions
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Monarchs of Croatia to 1800 BY IAN MLADJOV
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Simplified Genealogy of the Frankapans, Šubići, and Zrinski
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Bibliography
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Most Used Abbreviations
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Sources
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Secondary Literature
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Index
Citable Link
Published: 2006
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
- 978-0-472-11414-6 (hardcover)
- 978-0-472-02560-2 (ebook)