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  3. Marking Modern Movement: Dance and Gender in the Visual Imagery of the Weimar Republic

Marking Modern Movement: Dance and Gender in the Visual Imagery of the Weimar Republic

Susan Funkenstein
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Imagine yourself in Weimar Germany: you are visually inundated with depictions of dance.  Perusing a women's magazine, you find photograph after photograph of leggy revue starlets, clad in sequins and feathers, coquettishly smiling at you.  When you attend an art exhibition, you encounter Otto Dix's six-foot-tall triptych Metropolis, featuring Charleston dancers in the latest luxurious fashions, or Emil Nolde's watercolors of Mary Wigman, with their luminous blues and purples evoking her choreographies' mystery and expressivity.  Invited to the Bauhaus, you participate in the Metallic Festival, and witness the school's transformation into a humorous, shiny, technological total work of art; you costume yourself by strapping a metal plate to your head, admire your reflection in the tin balls hanging from the ceiling, and dance the Bauhaus' signature step in which you vigorously hop and stomp late into the night.
 
Yet behind the razzle dazzle of these depictions and experiences was one far more complex involving issues of gender and the body during a tumultuous period in history, Germany's first democracy (1918-1933).  Rather than mere titillation, the images copiously illustrated and analyzed in Marking Modern Movement illuminate how visual artists and dancers befriended one another and collaborated together.  In many ways because of these bonds, artists and dancers forged a new path in which images revealed artists' deep understanding of dance, their dynamic engagement with popular culture, and out of that, a possibility of representing women dancers as cultural authorities to be respected.  Through six case studies, Marking Modern Movement explores how and why these complex dynamics occurred in ways specific to their historical moment.
 
Extensively illustrated and with color plates, Marking Modern Movement is a clearly written book accessible to general readers and undergraduates. Coming at a time of a growing number of major art museums showcasing large-scale exhibitions on images of dance, the audience exists for a substantial general-public interest in this topic.  Conversing across German studies, art history, dance studies, gender studies, and popular culture studies, Marking Modern Movement is intended to engage readers coming from a wide range of perspectives and interests.
 
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Introduction
  • One. Dance Like It’s 1919
  • Two. There’s Something About Mary (Wigman)
  • Three. Kicklines for Feminists
  • Four. The Weimar Vogue for Black Dance
  • Five. It Takes Two to Shimmy
  • Six. Designed to Dance
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Index
Citable Link
Published: 2020
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-12708-5 (ebook)
  • 978-0-472-07461-7 (hardcover)
  • 978-0-472-05461-9 (paper)
Series
  • Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany
Subject
  • Theater and Performance
  • German Studies
  • Art
  • Gender Studies
  • Dance

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Oil painting of two revue dancers with bobbed haircuts and red lips, who smile and gesture with one arm in front of their bodies. They are completely nude and relatively bright in front of a background of dark colors. They hold their straight left arms down, just behind their torsos, and extend their right arms horizontally while flexing their right wrists downward.

The Tiller Girls (Tiller-Girls)

From Chapter 3

Karl Hofer, The Tiller Girls (Tiller-Girls), ca. 1923. Coll. Henri Nannen, Emden, Germany. Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Oil painting of two revue dancers seen in profile, with red lips. They are in costumes with ruffled shoulders and large brimmed, sheer hats with flowers. Their arms hang at their sides. The viewer can only see their profiles from the chest and up. Behind them is a stark black background.

Revue Girls (Revuegirls)

From Chapter 3

Jeanne Mammen, Revue Girls (Revuegirls), 1928/29. Oil on cardboard. 64 × 47 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

A theater program page, with four black-and-white images of revue dancers dressed as butterflies with large, fanciful wings. The images are collaged on the page with botanical sketches behind them in a light grey tone. The bottom-most image features a stage scene with nine dancers in costume, while the three images above them are solo dancers.

“Butterflies” (“Schmetterlinge”)

From Chapter 3

“Butterflies” (“Schmetterlinge”), from Das grosse Bilderbuch der Haller Revue “Wann und Wo,” Theater im Admiralspalast, Berlin, 1927. Theaterwissenschaftliche Sammlung, University of Cologne, Nachlaß Kronfeld

A theater program page, with five images featuring revue dancers with airplanes, Shell Gas logos, and oil cans emblazoned on their costumes—some of these objects make up their hats. These images are positioned on the page with two at the top and three at the bottom, all set at angles with zigzag patterns sketched behind them in a light grey tone.

Tempo, Tempo!”

From Chapter 3

“Tempo, Tempo!” from Das grosse Bilderbuch der Haller Revue “Wann und Wo,” Theater im Admiralspalast, Berlin, 1927. Theaterwissenschaftliche Sammlung, University of Cologne, Nachlaß Kronfeld

Sepia photograph of a seated dancer in an ornate beaded costume with a large and fanciful feathered headdress. She is seated on a stool, slightly hunched, and gives off an aloof attitude with one leg crossed over the other and wrists dramatically crossed over the knee.

“The Danish Dancer Rigmor Rasmussen” (“Die dänische Tänzerin Rigmor Rasmussen”)

From Chapter 3

“The Danish Dancer Rigmor Rasmussen” (“Die dänische Tänzerin Rigmor Rasmussen”), Uhu 2:4 (January 1926): 55. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Art Resource, NY

Black-and-white photograph of a dancer in front of a black curtain wearing a beaded bikini in a seemingly improbable feat: she holds a pose on one foot, while the other leg bends back so that her leg wraps behind her body and up over her head. She arches her back and situates her head behind her knee, so her foot is ahead of her face and her calf touches her nose. She holds the raised leg with one hand and stretches the other arm outward.

“What a Revue Star Must Be Able to Do: The Dancer Helene Wehrle” (“Was ein Revue-Star können muß. Die Tänzerin Helene Wehrle”)

From Chapter 3

“What a Revue Star Must Be Able to Do: The Dancer Helene Wehrle” (“Was ein Revue-Star können muß. Die Tänzerin Helene Wehrle”), Uhu (4:4) (January 1928): 65. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

Black and white photograph of a dressing room full of six revue dancers preparing for the stage and putting on makeup. They arrange their bodies so that they are in sync with similar body poses: seated with legs crossed, arms bent and holding hand mirrors and makeup pads. One woman stands in the middle of the line of seated dancers while one puts makeup on her back.

“In the Dressing Room of the Dancing Girls” (“In der Garderobe der Tanzmädchen”)

From Chapter 3

“In the Dressing Room of the Dancing Girls” (“In der Garderobe der Tanzmädchen”), Uhu 2:3 (December 1925): 13. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

Sepia photograph of precision group The Jackson Girls on vacation on a farm, published in a German women’s magazine. Here, three dancers sit in a wooden wheelbarrow with hay and smile for the camera, holding their bodies in formation that suggests the in-sync quality of the kickline despite being offstage and on vacation: arms and legs stretched outward. Two women crouch and smile behind the wheelbarrow, holding it upright. Behind them is a barn. Above the photograph is a German title and subtitle.

“When the Jackson Girls Were on Vacation…” (Als die Jackson-Girls auf Urlaub waren…”)

From Chapter 3

“When the Jackson Girls Were on Vacation . . .” (“Als die Jackson-Girls auf Urlaub waren . . .”), Uhu 5:1 (October 1928): 34. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

A page from a German magazine, featuring a wide photograph along the top of the page, a small photograph in the very center with German text on either side, and another photograph at the bottom of the page. The topmost photo features a row of sixteen dancers holding the same pose with their front legs bent and hanging in the air, all wearing triangular hats and fluffy costumes. The center photo features a stage scene of dancers in a row of six standing behind another row of four on the floor, with another dancer in the mid-ground between them, all wearing layered dresses. The bottom photo features a row of seven dancers behind a row of eight dancers, all holding the same pose with ankles crossed and all wearing stringed dresses and headpieces.

“Girlomania” (“Girlomanie”)

From Chapter 3

“Girlomania” (“Girlomanie”), Elegante Welt 13:22 (October 22, 1924): 27. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

A page from a German magazine, featuring a wide photograph along the top of the page, a smaller wide photograph in the very center with German text on either side, and another photograph at the bottom of the page. The topmost photo features sixteen dancers standing in a curved line, holding one another with front legs pointed outward and all wearing wide-brimmed hats. The center photo features one male dancer standing in the middle of two sets of four female dancers, who have their front legs bent and hanging in the air. The bottom photo features a row of thirteen dancers in white fluffy costumes and headdresses with hands on their hips.

“Girlomania” (“Girlomanie”)

From Chapter 3

“Girlomania” (“Girlomanie”), Elegante Welt 13:22 (October 22, 1924): 28. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

Sepia photograph of a revue starlet, Gretel Grow, featured in a two-page spread of a German women’s magazine. She wears a shiny rayon costume with ruffles along the neckline and down the center of the blouse, though she is only partially clothed on top with the blouse hanging from her right shoulder and wears pants on the bottom. She has her hands on her hips and a shy expression. We can see only the top half of her body.

“A Leap from the Typewriter to the Limelight” (“Ein Sprung von der Schreibmachine an das Rampenlicht”), Uhu 5:3 (December 1928), 38-39.

From Chapter 3

“A Leap from the Typewriter to the Limelight” (“Ein Sprung von der Schreibmachine an das Rampenlicht”), Uhu 5:3 (December 1928): 38–39. Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, Germany / Dietmar Katz / Art Resource, NY

Rough graphite sketch portraying a revue dancer as simple shapes in layers of translucent tulle, topless, with lines spiraling out of her chest. German handwriting throughout the page declares this is “White Week” and details of the ballet. One line of writing in red crayon strikes through the center of the page.

Anti-Show: White Week (Anti-Revue: Weisse Woche)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: White Week (Anti-Revue: Weisse Woche), 1925. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Graphite and colored crayons on paper. 23 × 14.7 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY. © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Rough graphite and crayon sketch of two revue figures in yellow, with smoke coming out of their hats. The dancer on the right wears a wide circular skirt with a translucent fabric overlay; the dancer on the left wears a straight, sleek rectangular top and hot pants. Both wear thigh-high yellow tights and stand on point among the page. German handwriting adorns the empty space.

Anti-Show: Girls are Developing Smoke on Top / The Boys (Anti-Revue: Die Mädchen entwickeln oben Rauch / Die Jünglinge)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: Girls Are Developing Smoke on Top / The Boys (Anti-Revue: Die Mädchen entwickeln oben Rauch / Die Jünglinge), 1924. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Graphite and colored crayons on paper. 23.2 × 14.7 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Watercolor sketch of a warm stove costume rendered in bright primary colors and black, color blocked to suggest the rigid geometries of technology. The figure holds its arms starkly at its sides and pointing slightly outward, feet slightly separated, neutral facial expression. Nothing else fills the page around the sketch other than the sketched figure’s grey shadow, a faint signature at the bottom of the page, and a light purple blob of color at the top left corner.

Anti-Show: The Warm Stove (Anti-Revue: Der warme Ofen)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: The Warm Stove (Anti-Revue: Der warme Ofen), 1924. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Watercolor and gouache, over graphite, with bronze, on cardboard. 22.5 × 15.4 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY. © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Watercolor sketch of the wife of the warm stove rendered in a costume of bright colors arranged geometrically, in heels and with smiling lips. The figure gestures her arms daintily and is noticeably more svelte than the warm stove costume. Nothing else fills the page around the sketch other than the figure’s grey shadow and a faint signature at the bottom of the page.

Anti-Show: The Wife of the Warm Stove (Anti-Revue: Die Frau des warmen Ofens)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: The Wife of the Warm Stove (Anti-Revue: Die Frau des warmen Ofens), 1924. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Watercolor and gouache, over graphite, with bronze, on cardboard. 27.6 × 15.5 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Watercolor sketch featuring one topless woman revue dancer, depicted up to her neck, facing right with her arm in a long red glove held at a ninety-degree angle. Her wide circular patchwork skirt features the head of a mouse at the front and its tail at the back, with drips of black watercolor trailing behind. She stands with legs together, on point. Nothing else fills the page around the sketch other than some faint writing at the bottom right corner.

Anti-Show: The Mice (Anti-Revue: Die Mäuse)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: The Mice (Anti-Revue: Die Mäuse), 1924. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Watercolor and gouache over graphite on paper. 29.5 × 20.9 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

Graphite sketch features four soldiers drawn in yellow crayon, with written distinctions about their heights and ranks in German handwriting around the figures. Two other shapes sit to the left and above them.

Anti-Show: Yellow Soldiers (Anti-Revue: Gelbe Soldaten)

From Chapter 3

Hannah Höch, Anti-Show: Yellow Soldiers (Anti-Revue: Gelbe Soldaten), 1925. Design for the figurines of the Anti-Revue “Schlechter und Besser” (“Worse and Better”) by Kurt Schwitters, Hans Stuckenschmidt, and Hannah Höch. Graphite and colored crayons on paper. 20.6 × 20.9 cm. Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany. bpk Bildagentur / Berlinische Galerie, Berlin, Germany / Kai-Annett Becker / Art Resource, NY © 2019 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York / VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn

A theater program page from the Folies-Bergère in Paris, with two images taking place in a forest setting, with wood nymphs and semi-nude women in trees. One image at the top of the page features a stage scene with seventeen performers standing or kneeling on the ground, often paired off, and seven coming out of the trees above them. Separated by “Les Nuits Du Bois,” the other photo at the bottom of the page has three dancers: two women around one man who has one leg bent at a ninety-degree angle. He wears only a sash around his hips and down his chest while the women wear bodysuits and capes.

“Nights of the Forest” (“Les Nuits du Bois”)

From Chapter 3

“Nights of the Forest” (“Les Nuits du Bois”), La Revue des Folies Bergère, n.d., n.p. Theaterwissenschaftliche Sammlung, University of Cologne

A black and white silent film clip, including quick cuts of a revue performance. The quick cuts include the dancers preparing, the audience waiting in the theater, followed by the orchestra starting to play. There are several cuts between dance numbers, acrobatics, bicycle tricks, juggling, and a kickline. The clip ends with the performance ending and the audience leaving the theater, out into the night street.

Berlin, Symphony of a Great City (Berlin, die Symphonie der Großstadt). Clip of revue performance with kickline

From Chapter 3

Berlin, Symphony of a Great City (Berlin, die Symphonie der Großstadt), dir. Walter Ruttmann, prod. Karl Freund, Fox-Europa-Film, 1927. Clip of revue performance with kickline.

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