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  3. Opposing Power: Building Opposition Alliances in Electoral Autocracies

Opposing Power: Building Opposition Alliances in Electoral Autocracies

Elvin Ong
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Opposing Power argues that perceptions of regime vulnerability and mutual dependency by opposition elites shape the building of opposition alliances. When electoral autocracies are consistently dominant, opposition parties eschew fully fledged alliances. At best, they allocate only one candidate to contest against the incumbent in each subnational electoral district to avoid splitting the opposition vote. However, when multiple regime-debilitating events strike within a short period of time, thus pushing an incumbent to the precipice of power, opposition elites expect victory, accepting costly compromises to build alliances and seize power. Opposing Power shows how oppositions build these alliances through case study comparisons in East and Southeast Asia—between the Philippines and South Korea in the late 1980s, and between Malaysia and Singapore from 1965 to 2020.
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Part I. Introduction, Theory, and Research Design
    • 1. The Challenges of Building Opposition Alliances
    • 2. Coordination Problems, Regime Vulnerability, and Interparty Dependence
    • 3. Studying Cases in East and Southeast Asia
  • Part II. Perceptions of Mutual Dependency
    • 4. Opposing Marcos
    • 5. Opposing Roh
  • Part III. Perceptions of Regime Vulnerability
    • 6. The Divergent Party Systems in Malaysia and Singapore
    • 7. Constructing Opposition Alliances in Malaysia, 1965–2018
    • 8. Failing to Build Opposition Alliances in Singapore, 1965–2020
    • 9. Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Bibliography
  • Index
This open access version is made available thanks in part to the support of libraries participating in Knowledge Unlatched.
Citable Link
Published: 2022
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-90272-9 (open access)
  • 978-0-472-13300-0 (hardcover)
  • 978-0-472-03888-6 (paper)
Series
  • Weiser Center for Emerging Democracies
Subject
  • Asian Studies:South/Southeast Asia
  • Political Science:Governance

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A diagram with boxes and arrows showing the logical flow of a theory arguing when opposition alliances form in electoral autocracies.

A Theory of Opposition Alliance Formation in Electoral Autocracies

From Chapter 1

Fig 1.1. A Theory of Opposition Alliance Formation in Electoral Autocracies

A photograph of Philippine protestors crawling on the ground, sprayed with water by water cannons, at a protest against the Marcos administration at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, on September 27, 1984. Photo credit: Jacinto Tee.

Photo of Water Cannons Used Against Philippine Protestors at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, September 27, 1984.

From Chapter 4

Fig 4.1. Water Cannons Used against Philippine Protestors at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, September 27, 1984. Credit: Jacinto Tee.

A photograph of Philippine opposition leaders standing in a row with interlocked arms at a protest against the Marcos administration at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, on September 27, 1984. They are all wet and staring at some military personnel off camera, after having been sprayed with water by water cannons. Photo credit: Jacinto Tee.

Philippine Opposition Leaders Protesting Against the Marcos Administration at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, September 27, 1984. Credit: Jacinto Tee.

From Chapter 4

Fig 4.2. Philippine Opposition Leaders Protesting against the Marcos Administration at the Welcome Rotunda, Quezon City, September 27, 1984. Credit: Jacinto Tee.

A vertical bar chart showing the allocation of electoral districts among the opposition parties DAP, PKR, and PAS for the 1999 Malaysian general elections.

Allocation of Electoral Districts in the 1999 Malaysian General Elections

From Chapter 7

Fig 7.1. Allocation of Electoral Districts in the 1999 Malaysian General Elections

A vertical bar chart showing the allocation of electoral districts among the opposition parties DAP, PKR, and PAS for the 2013 Malaysian general elections.

Allocation of Electoral Districts in the 2013 Malaysian General Elections

From Chapter 7

Fig 7.2. Allocation of Electoral Districts in the 2013 Malaysian General Elections

A screengrab of Clause 5 of the Pakatan Harapan Alliance Agreement.

Screengrab of Clause 5 of the Pakatan Harapan Alliance Agreement

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.3. Clause 5 of the Pakatan Harapan Alliance Agreement

A vertical bar chart showing the varying proportion of the different types of opposition related articles appearing in The Rocket.

Proportion of the Different Types of Articles Appearing in The Rocket

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.4. Proportion of the Different Types of Articles Appearing in The Rocket

A scan of an article titled “PAS’ Blueprint a Threat to Federal Constitution,” which is an example of a “Negative Image” and “Justify Non-cooperation” article published in The Rocket.

Example of "Negative Image" and "Justify Non-Cooperation" Article in The Rocket

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.5. Example of “Negative Image” and “Justify Non-cooperation” Article in The Rocket

A scan of an article titled “PAS Is Our Friend,” which is an example of a “Positive Rival” article published in The Rocket

Example of "Positive Rival" Article in The Rocket

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.6. Example of “Positive Rival” Article in The Rocket

A photograph of the cover page of The Rocket in January 2012

Cover Page of The Rocket in January 2012

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.7. Cover Page of The Rocket in January 2012

A photograph of a T-shirt for sale printed with the Pakatan Harapan manifesto

Tshirt for sale printed with the Pakatan Harapan manifesto

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.8. T-shirt for Sale Printed with the Pakatan Harapan Manifesto

A photograph of Tun Dr. Mahathir campaigning during the 2018 general election in the Lembah Pantai Constituency

Tun Dr Mahathir Campaigning During the 2018 General Election in the Lembah Pantai Constituency

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.9. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad Campaigning during the 2018 General Election in the Lembah Pantai Constituency

A photograph of candidates of Hulu Langat Constituency standing in a row on Nomination Day for the 2018 Malaysian general election

Candidates of Hulu Langat Constituency on Nomination Day for the 2018 Malaysian General Election

From Chapter 7

Fig. 7.10. Candidates of Hulu Langat Constituency on Nomination Day for the 2018 Malaysian General Election

A line graph showing the proportion of electoral districts with coordination failure in the Singapore elections, 1968–2020

Proportion of Electoral Districts with Coordination Failure in Singapore Elections, 1968 - 2020

From Chapter 8

Fig. 8.1. Proportion of Electoral Districts with Coordination Failure in Singapore Elections, 1968–2020

A line graph showing the proportion of electoral districts with walkovers in the Singapore elections, 1968–2020

Proportion of Electoral Districts with Walkover in Singapore Elections, 1968 - 2020

From Chapter 8

Fig. 8.2. Proportion of Electoral Districts with Walkover in Singapore Elections, 1968–2020

A line graph showing the PAP’s vote share and seat shares in Singapore elections, 1968–2020

PAP's Performance in Singapore Elections, 1968 - 2020

From Chapter 8

Fig. 8.3. PAP’s Performance in Singapore Elections, 1968–2020

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