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  2. Canoes: A Natural History in North America

Canoes: A Natural History in North America

Mark Neuzil and Norman Sims
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This is the story of the canoe, that singular American artifact so little changed over time. Featured here are canoes old and new, from birch bark to dugout to carbon fiber; the people who made them; and the adventures they shared. With features of technology, industry, art, and survival, the canoe carries us deep into the natural and cultural history of North America.

Follow author Mark Neuzil on Twitter: @mrneuzil

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Published: 2016
Publisher: University of Minnesota Press
ISBN(s)
  • 9780816681174 (hardcover)
Subject
  • History
  • Cultural Studies
  • Literature
  • Native American Studies
  • Regional Studies

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  • Chapter 4: All-Wood Canoes1
  • Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement17
  • Sidebar: Canoe Packs1
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  • environmentalism
  • Lyndon B. Johnson4
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  • Rader, Charles3
  • Frampton, Mary1
  • Jacques, Francis Lee1
  • Mott, John W.1
  • Nicholson, Frank S.1
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A black-and-white photograph of the Hotel Ampersand, looming over Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks ca. 1890.

Hotel Ampersand

From Chapter 4: All-Wood Canoes

Hotel Ampersand looms over Lower Saranac Lake in the Adirondacks ca. 1890.

Carson, shown here with American wildlife artist Bob Hines, worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Hines illustrated Carson’s book Under the Sea Wind.

Rachel Carson

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Carson, shown here with American wildlife artist Bob Hines, worked for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Hines illustrated Carson’s book Under the Sea Wind.

An illustrated poster depicting a solitary deer drinking water in a wooded area.

WPA Poster

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Frank S. Nicholson, poster for the National Park Service, c. 1936–1940. This poster is from the NYC Art Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which sponsored artists of almost all stripes during the Great Depression. Nicholson was among almost ten thousand artists who were supported by the WPA’s Federal Art Project.

A black-and-white portrait of Zahniser sitting in a mountain landscape.

Howard Zahniser

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Howard Zahniser was a significant figure in the American environmental movement in the 1950s and 1960s. His work on the Wilderness Act of 1964—he is credited with writing most of it—was instrumental in its final passage.

President Johnson signs the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964.

Wilderness Act of 1964

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

President Lyndon Johnson signs the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964.

Biologist Aldo Leopold (center) accompanies his son Starker (left) on a canoe trip in the Quetico boundary waters in 1924.

Aldo Leopold

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Biologist Aldo Leopold (center) accompanies his son Starker (left) on a canoe trip in the Quetico boundary waters in 1924.

A black-and-white portrait of Olson standing on the shore next to a pack.

Sigurd Olson

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Sigurd Olson, a biologist by training and a canoe outfitter in Ely, Minnesota, was among the important writers and political activists in the environmental movement.

An illustrated poster advertising the organization "Friends of the Wilderness."

Friends of the Wilderness

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Groups interested in preserving canoe country from development sprang up all over the continent. Canoes were often used as images of a free and quiet outdoors experience, including this poster with artwork by Francis Lee Jaques, ca. 1949.

A map of rivers protected by the 1968 act.

National Wild and Scenic River System

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The National Wild and Scenic River system, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1968, is an attempt to protect U.S. rivers in their natural state from development as much as possible. More than 12,500 miles of rivers have such protection.

A color photograph depicting the extent of the oil spill in the water.

1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, seen from above the critical platform, was at the time the worst spill in American history, later surpassed by the Exxon Valdez (1989) and Deepwater Horizon (2010) spills.

A black-and-white photograph of oil being cleaned off of a bird in a sink.

Waterfowl Covered in Oil

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

A dramatic event that drew more interest to environmental issues was the oil spill off of Santa Barbara, California, in 1969.

A black-and-white photograph of Carl Stokes, surrounded by children, giving a press conference.

Carl Stokes

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes enjoyed a high level of popularity among adults and children during his tenure; his advocacy for clean water extended beyond the Cuyahoga River controversy and included opening up neighborhood pools such as this one at Edgewater Park, on July 4, 1969. Utilities director Ben Stefanski (next to Stokes) joined the mayor for a swim.

A black-and-white photograph of a Girl Scout in a canoe, picking litter out of a waterway.

Earth Day

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

A cleanup of the Potomac River via canoe was one of the hundreds of activities featured on the first Earth Day in 1970.

A color photograph of Gaylord Nelson and others paddling aluminum canoes.

Gaylord Nelson

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson, seen here in the bow of a canoe on the Namekagon River in 1966, is considered the founder of Earth Day. The first Earth Day came in 1970.

A map of the Missouri National Recreation River.

The Missouri National Recreation River

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The Missouri National Recreation River, established in 1964, is administered by the U.S. National Park Service.

A color photograph of a canoe being portaged.

Boundary Waters Canoe Area

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Threats to canoe routes across the continent came (and sometimes went) as industry and government eyed the land for other uses.

An illustrated poster depicting a square-stern canoe with a motor traveling on the BWCA.

Boundary Waters Conservation Alliance

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

In the late 1970s, legislation to ban motors from canoe country in Minnesota was a controversial issue.

A map depicting the Northern Forest Canoe Trail.

Northern Forest Canoe Trail

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The Northern Forest Canoe Trail covers parts of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, running 740 miles.

Arthur Carhart, at the Superior National Forest in 1920, demonstrates how to stack and carry two canoe packs.

Arthur Carhart

From Sidebar: Canoe Packs

Arthur Carhart, next to a Morris canoe at the Superior National Forest in 1920, demonstrates how to stack and carry two canoe packs.

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