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Canoes: A Natural History in North America

Mark Neuzil and Norman Sims 2016
This is the story of the canoe, that singular American artifact so little changed over time. Featured here are canoes old and new, from birch bark to dugout to carbon fiber; the people who made them; and the adventures they shared. With features of technology, industry, art, and survival, the canoe carries us deep into the natural and cultural history of North America.

Follow author Mark Neuzil on Twitter: @mrneuzil

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  • 9780816681174 (hardcover)
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  • Literature
  • Native American Studies
  • Regional Studies
  • Cultural Studies
  • History
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Three sketches for the Duluth Pack patent. Figure one depicts the back straps of the pack. Figure 2 depicts the front of the pack and it's three leather securing straps. Figure 3 depicts a man wearing the duluth pack.

Duluth Pack Patent

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Camille Poirier, Duluth Pack Patent, December 12, 1882

A black and white photograph of fourteen men wearing matching canoe-crew outfits is mounted on an illustrated page from a photo album. The men in the photograph are standing or sitting in three rows with three canoe oars crossed in front of them. Text beneath the photograph reads "O.C.C. War Canoe Crew. Champions of Canada, 1904." One blue flag and one red flag is painted on either side of the photograph.

O.C.C. War Canoe Crew

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Album page with one photograph, “O.C.C. War Canoe Crew, Champions of Canada 1904,” with John R. O’Connell at center. Photograph and hand-illustration by John R. O’Connell.

Canadian Olympian Larry Cain at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, California.

Larry Cain

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Canadian Olympian Larry Cain at the 1984 Games in Los Angeles, California.

A color photograph of a women's competitive canoe team paddling through water.

National Canoe/Kayak Championships

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

High-level racing, here featuring a women’s C4 race at the National Canoe/Kayak Championships in Sherbrooke, Quebec, has been a part of canoeing history since clubs were formed in the 19th century.

A black-and-white photograph of Francis Amyot being hoisted by teammates.

Francis Amyot

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The Canadian Olympic hero Francis Amyot at the Berlin Games in 1936, where he won his country’s only gold medal in a custom-built canoe made to fit his 6-foot-plus frame.

A map depicting the Northern Forest Canoe Trail.

Northern Forest Canoe Trail

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The Northern Forest Canoe Trail covers parts of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, running 740 miles.

An illustrated poster depicting a square-stern canoe with a motor traveling on the BWCA.

Boundary Waters Conservation Alliance

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

In the late 1970s, legislation to ban motors from canoe country in Minnesota was a controversial issue.

A color photograph of a canoe being portaged.

Boundary Waters Canoe Area

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Threats to canoe routes across the continent came (and sometimes went) as industry and government eyed the land for other uses.

A map of the Missouri National Recreation River.

The Missouri National Recreation River

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The Missouri National Recreation River, established in 1964, is administered by the U.S. National Park Service.

A color photograph of Gaylord Nelson and others paddling aluminum canoes.

Gaylord Nelson

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson, seen here in the bow of a canoe on the Namekagon River in 1966, is considered the founder of Earth Day. The first Earth Day came in 1970.

A black-and-white photograph of a Girl Scout in a canoe, picking litter out of a waterway.

Earth Day

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

A cleanup of the Potomac River via canoe was one of the hundreds of activities featured on the first Earth Day in 1970.

A black-and-white photograph of Carl Stokes, surrounded by children, giving a press conference.

Carl Stokes

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Cleveland Mayor Carl Stokes enjoyed a high level of popularity among adults and children during his tenure; his advocacy for clean water extended beyond the Cuyahoga River controversy and included opening up neighborhood pools such as this one at Edgewater Park, on July 4, 1969. Utilities director Ben Stefanski (next to Stokes) joined the mayor for a swim.

A black-and-white photograph of oil being cleaned off of a bird in a sink.

Waterfowl Covered in Oil

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

A dramatic event that drew more interest to environmental issues was the oil spill off of Santa Barbara, California, in 1969.

A color photograph depicting the extent of the oil spill in the water.

1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, seen from above the critical platform, was at the time the worst spill in American history, later surpassed by the Exxon Valdez (1989) and Deepwater Horizon (2010) spills.

A map of rivers protected by the 1968 act.

National Wild and Scenic River System

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

The National Wild and Scenic River system, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1968, is an attempt to protect U.S. rivers in their natural state from development as much as possible. More than 12,500 miles of rivers have such protection.

An illustrated poster advertising the organization "Friends of the Wilderness."

Friends of the Wilderness

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Groups interested in preserving canoe country from development sprang up all over the continent. Canoes were often used as images of a free and quiet outdoors experience, including this poster with artwork by Francis Lee Jaques, ca. 1949.

A black-and-white portrait of Olson standing on the shore next to a pack.

Sigurd Olson

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Sigurd Olson, a biologist by training and a canoe outfitter in Ely, Minnesota, was among the important writers and political activists in the environmental movement.

Biologist Aldo Leopold (center) accompanies his son Starker (left) on a canoe trip in the Quetico boundary waters in 1924.

Aldo Leopold

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Biologist Aldo Leopold (center) accompanies his son Starker (left) on a canoe trip in the Quetico boundary waters in 1924.

President Johnson signs the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964.

Wilderness Act of 1964

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

President Lyndon Johnson signs the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964.

A black-and-white portrait of Zahniser sitting in a mountain landscape.

Howard Zahniser

From Chapter 7: The Human-Powered Movement

Howard Zahniser was a significant figure in the American environmental movement in the 1950s and 1960s. His work on the Wilderness Act of 1964—he is credited with writing most of it—was instrumental in its final passage.

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