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  2. Kenneth G. Lieberthal and Richard H. Rogel Center for Chinese Studies
  3. Swallows and Settlers: The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria

Swallows and Settlers: The Great Migration from North China to Manchuria

Thomas R. Gottschang and Diana Lary
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  • Overview

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Between the 1890s and the Second World War, twenty-five million people traveled from the densely populated North China provinces of Shandong and Hebei to seek employment in the growing economy of China's three northeastern provinces, the area known as Manchuria. This was the greatest population movement in modern Chinese history and ranks among the largest migrations in the world.

Swallows and Settlers is the first comprehensive study of that migration. Drawing methods from their respective fields of economics and history, the coauthors focus on both the broad quantitative outlines of the movement and on the decisions and experiences of individual migrants and their families. In readable narrative prose, the book lays out the historical relationship between North China and the Northeast (Manchuria) and concludes with an examination of ongoing population movement between these regions since the founding of the People's Republic in 1949.

  • Cover
  • Series Page
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • List of Tables, Figures, and Maps
  • Note on Romanization and Place Names
  • Foreword
  • Introduction
    • Overview of the Migration
    • The Texture of the Migration
    • Family Ties: The Engine of Migration
    • The Migration and Other Historical Studies
  • 1. Memories and Numbers: Sources of Migrant Information
    • Who Were the Migrants?
      • Shandong People and Traditions
      • Interviews and Informants
    • Home Areas of the Informants
      • Ling
      • Huimin
      • Binzhou, Bin County
      • Boxing
      • Zouping
      • Linqu
      • Gaomi
      • Laiyang
      • Penglai
    • Statistical Record of the Migration
      • SMR Studies
      • Customs Records
      • Observations on the Data
  • 2. Pushes and Pulls: Forces that Shaped the Migration
    • Migration and the Economy
      • Incomes
      • History, Geography, and Jobs
      • Railways and Migration
      • Foreign Trade and Migration
      • Disasters and Migration
    • Recruitment
      • Recruitment for Manchuria’s Mines and Factories
      • Recruitment for the Land
    • Other Migrant Destinations
      • Siberia
      • Transvaal
      • France
    • Migration to Manchuria from Other Countries
    • Statistical Insights into Migrant Motivations
  • 3. Family and Migration
    • The Role of the Family
      • The Shape of the Family
      • Inheritance and Migration
    • Family Migration Strategies
      • Raising Money for Specific Purposes
      • Risk Splitting
    • Migration and Family Composition
    • Family Help in Migration
      • Departure Costs
      • Arrival Arrangements
      • Recruitment Bonuses—Anjiafei
    • Full Family Migration
      • Family Abuses
      • Escaping the Family
      • Effects of Migration on the Family
      • Keeping In Touch
    • Remittances
      • Post Offices
      • Banks
      • Transfers In Kind
      • Friends and Connections
      • Bringing Money Home Personally
      • Scale of Remittances
  • 4. Local Connections
    • Home and Identity
      • The Family—Jia
      • Laoxiang— “Fellow Locals”
      • Attachment to Home
      • Roots of Local Attachment
      • Migration and Morality
    • Laoxiang and Migration
      • Recruiting
      • Finding Jobs
      • Arranging Accommodations
      • Providing Emergency Help
      • Communicating
  • 5. Return Migration
    • Reasons for Return
      • Returning Laborers
      • Migrants Fleeing Disaster
    • Return Rates
      • Return Rate Variations
      • Home Area Return Rate Differences
    • Postwar Returns
      • 1940s Returns
      • Post-1949 returns
  • 6. Not for Politics or Glory
    • Migration and Politics
    • Views About Migration
      • Not the Promised Land
      • The Ideology of Sacrifice for the Family
    • Post-1949 Migration
      • Policy and Migration in the People’s Republic
      • The Reform Era
      • Post-1949 Migration Data
    • Migration in the 1990s
  • Chapter Notes
  • Glossary
  • Statistical Appendix
  • Bibliography
  • Index
Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program
Citable Link
Published: 2000
Publisher: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies
License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-90175-3 (open access)
  • 978-0-472-03822-0 (paper)
  • 978-0-89264-134-5 (hardcover)
Series
  • Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies
Subject
  • Economics:Labor, Health, and Educational Economics
  • History:American Religious History
  • Sociology
  • Asian Studies:China
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