Fig. 9.1. Crude Oil Prices, 2000–2021. West Texas Intermediate Crude (WTI) Month-End Prices (inflation-adjusted), Units: USD/Barrel Source: Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), via https://www.macrotrends.net/1369/crude-oil-price-history-chart (accessed March 2021).

Fig. 9.2. Iraq’s Population by Age Source: Data from U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base, and estimated from data last updated in December 2019 https://www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb (accessed August 25, 2021).

Fig. 11.1. Percentage of Tunisians Who Do Not Trust Political Institutions Question wording: “I will name a number of institutions, and I would like you to tell me to what extent you trust each of them: The Parliament. The government (Cabinet). I trust it to a great extent. I trust it to a medium extent. I trust it to a limited extent. I absolutely do not trust it.” Figure 11.1 shows the percentage who answered: “I absolutely do not trust it.” Source: Arab Barometer (Wave III, IV, and V).

Fig. 18.1. Democracy Trends in the Middle East and North Africa Source: Data from Freedom House, V-Dem, and EIU Democracy Index, 2006–19, https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-world/scores

Fig. 18.2. Trends in Political Rights, Civil Liberties, and Transparency and Rule of Law in MENA (Freedom House Standardized Scores), 2005–20

Fig. 18.3. Percentage of Respondents in Arab Countries Who Believe DemocracyIs the “Best System,” “Bad for the Economy,” and “Bad for Stability and Order” (2007–19) Source: Michael Robbins, “What Arab Publics Think: Findings from the Fifth Wave Arab Barometer,” Michael Robbins, January 28, 2020, Arab Barometer Data, https://www.arabbarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/Arab_Barometer_CEPS_Presentation_Public-Opinion_2020.pdf (accessed August 30, 2021).