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Tell Timai, (Egypt) 2009-2020: The Ptolemaic–Roman north western temple zone and Roman city excavations
James E. Bennett
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This monograph covers the excavations conducted at the Ptolemaic-Roman city of Tell Timai by the University of Hawaii from 2009 - 2020. It is divided into four parts. Chapter 1 concerns the excavation and identification of a previously unknown Ptolemaic-Roman temple complex in the north-west of the site, focusing on a monumental stone gateway and mud brick enclosure wall. Chapter 2 documents a large domestic structure on the outside of the enclosure and its associated domestic material culture. Chapter 3 discusses several Late Roman burials interred on the ruins of the temple’s western enclosure wall. And Part 4 analyses the initial excavations of a 2nd century Roman temple in the centre of the city, as well as the extensive pre-temple occupation layers and architecture found beneath, which potentially had later usage as a church.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright
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By the Same Author & Of Related Interest
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Dedication
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Abbreviations
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Introduction
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1. The North Western Early Roman Temple Area (Limestone Foundation) and Temenos Wall
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1.1. Survey of the North West Temple Area
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1.1.1. Location of the Limestone Foundation
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1.1.2. Description of the North West by Georges Daressy (1887–1890)
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1.1.3. Condition of the Area in 2009
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1.1.4. Geophysical Survey in the North West
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1.1.5. Statuary and Stone Monuments from the North West
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1.2. The Temple Complex: The Limestone Foundation
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1.2.1. Previous Work on the Limestone Foundation
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1.2.2. The Relative Date for the Construction of the Limestone Foundation
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1.2.3. Limestone Foundation Dimensions
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1.2.4. Architectural Form
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1.2.5. Reuse of Blocks
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1.2.6. Limestone Foundation Trench Construction
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1.2.7. Deposits in the Casemate Voids
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1.2.8. Methods for Securing the Blocks
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1.2.9. The Limestone Floor
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1.3. Stone and Mud Brick Architecture around the Perimeter of the Limestone Foundation
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1.3.1. Architecture Along the Northern Side of theLimestone Foundation
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1.3.2. Statue or Altar Installation
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1.3.3. The Stone Pavement
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1.4. The Temenos Wall in the North-West
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1.4.1. The Temenos Wall Abutting the Limestone Foundation
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1.4.2. The Temenos [Eastern Section]: Units [M6.2] and [M6.15]
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1.4.3. The Temenos Wall: Western Section
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1.4.4. Preservation of the Temenos to the West
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1.4.5. Continuation of the Temenos to the West
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1.4.6. The Western Section of the Temenos in [K7-2]
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1.4.7. The Width of the Temenos Wall
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1.5. The Mud Brick Building [M6.17.F002b] to the Southwest of the Limestone Platform
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1.5.1. Architecture and Form
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1.5.2. Construction Technique of the Mud Brick Structure
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1.5.3. Limestone Chippings used as Levelling Agents for Mud Brick Walls around the Limestone Foundation
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1.5.4. Excavation Underneath the Mud Brick Structure
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1.5.5. Dating the Sub-Structure Walls and Mud Brick Building [M6.17.F002b]
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1.5.6. Remains of Mud Brick Structures under the Modern Road
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1.6. Structures to the South of the Temenos
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1.6.1. Unit [M6.9]
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1.6.2. Pottery from [M6.9.F1823=F1824]
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1.6.3. [M6.11] (Test Sondage)
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1.6.4. Deposits in [M6.13]
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1.6.5. Architecture of [M6.13] and [M6.16]
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1.6.6. Excavations Beneath the Gypsum Surface Layer
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1.6.7. Disturbed Deposits in [M6.16]
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1.6.8. Architecture of [M6.16] and the Southern Extentof the Room
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1.6.9. The North-South Wall in [L6.1] Overlaying a 4thcentury BCE Pottery Cache
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1.6.10. Test Unit [L6.4]
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1.7. An Early Roman House in [L6.3], [M5.1], and [M6.18]
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1.7.1. Ceramic Deposits overlaying the Early Roman House
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1.7.2. The Architecture of the House
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1.7.3. Architecture and Ceramic Deposits from [Room 1]
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1.7.4. Architecture and Ceramic Deposits from [Room 2]
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1.7.5. Architecture and Ceramic Deposits from [Room 3]
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1.7.6. Domestic Installations in [Room 4] and theArchitecture and Ceramic Deposits from [Room 5]
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1.7.7. Cessation of the Domestic House to the Eastin [M6.19]
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1.7.8. The Large Mud Brick Wall to the Northof the Early Roman House
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1.8. A 4th century BCE Pottery Cache under Wall [L6.1.F008]
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1.8.1. The 4th century BCE Pottery Assemblage
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1.8.2. A Coarse Ware Brazier
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1.9. The Object Catalogue from the Temple Area
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1.9.1. Glass, Faience and Ceramic ‘Gaming’ Pieces
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1.9.2. Metal Objects
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1.9.3. Faience Vessels and Fragments
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1.9.4. Faience Amulets and Other Objects
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1.9.5. Terracotta Figurines
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1.9.6. Stone Vessels
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1.9.7. Stone Tools
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1.10. The North West Temple Area in the Late Roman Period
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1.10.1. Late Roman Ceramic Dumps Overlaying theLimestone Foundation
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1.10.2. The Semi-Circular Niche in the Mud BrickBuilding to the South West of the Limestone Foundation
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1.10.3. Red Brick Addition to the Robbed-out LimestoneFoundation
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1.10.4. A Late Roman Red Brick Structure in theTemple’s Western Gateway
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1.11. Preliminary Observations on the North West Temple Complex at Tell Timai
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1.11.1. Chronology Synthesis
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1.11.2. Architectural Analysis and Building Functions
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1.11.3. Mendesian Temple Building and Additionsin the Late Ptolemaic and Early Roman Period
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2. An Early Roman House at Tell Timai
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2.1. The Early Roman and Late Roman Surface Deposits
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2.2. Architecture of [Phase 1]
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2.3. Deposits of [Phase 1]
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2.4. A Relative Date for [Phase 1] and the Construction of the [Phase 2] House.
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2.5. The Architecture of the [Phase 2] Early RomanHouse.
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2.6. Deposits on the Exterior of the House.
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2.7. Interior House Architecture
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2.7.1. Architecture South of Wall [M5.2.F029]: The Kitchen [Room A]
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2.7.2. Oven Construction: Depraetere’s Type Ib Oven.
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2.7.3. Ceramics from the Kitchen
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2.8. Architecture and Deposits to the North of Wall [M5.2.F029]
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2.9. Mud Brick Structure to the East in [M5.3]
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2.10. Conclusions and Data Synthesis on the Early Roman House
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3. Late Roman Burials at Tell Timai
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3.1. Position of the Cemetery and Cemetery Wall
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3.1.1. The Cemetery Wall [K7.3.F010, K7.1.F021 and K7.4.F005]
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3.1.2. Construction Date of the Cemetery Wall
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3.2. Cessation of Burial Activity in the Cemetery
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3.3. Mud Brick Architecture to the East of the Main Cemetery and the Temenos’ Western Wall
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3.4. The Red Brick Surface
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3.5. Interment Types in the Cemetery
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3.6. A Chamber Burial?
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3.7. Mud Brick Defined Burial Pits in [K7.1]
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3.8. Simple Pit Burials in [K7.3] and [K7.4]
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3.9. The Tell Timai Ethical Stance on Human Bone Conservation in the Field
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3.10. Condition of the In-Situ Burials
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3.11. The Lower Stratum Burial
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3.11.1. [Grave 008: B.007]
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3.11.2. Dating of the Lower Stratum Burial [Gr.008]
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3.11.3. Faunal Remains Associated with the Lower Stratum Burial [B.007, Gr.008]
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3.12. Upper Stratum Grave and Burial Descriptions [Gr.001: B.001]
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3.13. [Gr.002]
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3.14. [Gr.003 : B.002]
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3.15. [Gr.004]
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3.16. [Gr.005: Body 003]
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3.17. [Gr.006: B.004]
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3.18. [Gr.007 (double interment)]
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3.18.1. [B.005]
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3.18.2. [B.006]
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3.19. Dating the Upper Stratum Burials.
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3.20. Evidence of Child Burials in the Cemetery.
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3.21. Demographic Conclusions.
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3.22. Pathological Conclusions
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3.23. Treatment of the Individuals
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3.24. Funerary Planning at Tell Timai
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3.25. Coptic Christianity at Thmuis
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3.26. Preliminary Observations on the Religious and Cultural Identity of the Individuals
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3.27. Preliminary Conclusions on the Late Roman Burials at Tell Timai
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4. Excavation of a 2nd century CE Roman Temple at Tell Timai
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4.1. Area Survey
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4.1.1. Topographical Survey
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4.1.2. Previous Excavations and Observations
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4.1.3. Standing Remains in [T13] and [T14]
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4.2. Archaeological and Stratigraphic Phasing of Units [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.3. [Phase 1] (Early Roman, 1st to 2nd century CE): Architecture and Deposits
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4.4. [T13.1.F007] and the Dating of the [Phase 2] Walls
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4.5. [Phase 2] Early Roman (1st to 2nd century CE): Architecture and Deposits
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4.6. [Phase 2] Deposits in [Zone 2]
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4.7. [Phase 2] Deposits in [Zone 1]
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4.8. Deposits and a Pit in the Street/Alleyway [Zone 5] [T13.1.F022] and [T13.1.F016]
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4.9. [Phase 2] Wall Levelling Fill
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4.10. The [Phase 2] Street and Architecture in [T14.1]
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4.11. [Phase 3a]: Architecture and Deposits in [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.12. [Phase 3b]: Architecture and Deposits in [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.13. [Phase 3c] Wall Collapse Rubble [T13.1.F006 and F009]
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4.13.1. Ceramics and Dating the Collapse Event
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4.13.2. Ceramics and Inscriptions from [T13.1.F009]
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4.13.3. Ceramics and Objects from [T13.1.F006]
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4.13.4. Date and Cause of the Collapse
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4.14. [Phase 3d] Post Collapse Deposits [Refuse Disposal] in [Zone 4] [T13.1.F008]
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4.14.1. The Pottery from [T13.1.F008]. (Imports and Nile Silt)
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4.14.2. The Pottery from [T13.1.F008]. (Amphorae)
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4.14.3. Other Objects from [T13.1.F008]
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4.15. [Phase 3d] [T13.1.F014]. Refuse from underneath the [Phase 4] Walls
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4.16. Date of the [Phase 3d] Refuse Fill
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4.17. Construction of a Hadrianic/Post Hadrianic Wall and a Refined date of the [Phase 3d] Refuse Layer
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4.17.1. Amphorae Fill in [Zone 3] for Construction of Wall [T13.1.F029]
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4.17.2. Dating the Construction of Wall [T13.1.F029] and the [Phase 4] Architecture
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4.18. Architecture of [Phase 4]
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4.19. Architecture of [Phase 5]
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4.19.1. The Lime Mortar Surface
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4.19.2. Construction Technique of the Limestone/Marble Pavement
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4.20. [Phase 6]. Late Roman (5th century CE) Architecture on the [Phase 5] Gypsum Surface and Cuts and Fills into the Surface
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4.20.1. Late Roman Cuts and Fills in the [Phase 5] Gypsum Surface and [Phase 2] Walls
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4.20.2. The Fill [T13.1.F001] of the Late Roman Cut into [Phase 5] Gypsum Surface
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4.21. Hard Stone Building Elements, Marble Veneers, and Stucco Work from [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.22. Numismatic Data from the Surface of [T14.1]
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4.23. Ceramics from the [Phase 6] Destruction Rubble in [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.23.1. Ceramic Forms from [T13.1.F001]
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4.23.2. Ceramic Forms from [T14.1.F002]
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4.23.3. Amphorae from [T13.1.F001] and [T14.1.F002]
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4.24. Early - Late Roman Glass from [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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4.25. Metal Objects from the Destruction Rubble in [T14.1] and [T13.1]
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4.26. Terracotta Figurines from the Building Rubble in [T14.1.F002]
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4.27. Jewellery from the Surface Fill in [T13.1]
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4.28. Assessing the Function of the [Phase 5] Building and its Chronological Sequence. A Temple of Hadrian and then a Church? Providing a Date for the Buildings Construction
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4.29. A Classical Roman Temple Style?
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4.30. Later Reuse as a Church?
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4.31. Other Churches in the Nile Delta outside of Alexandria
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4.32. The Large Late Roman Pit Survey and Clearance: Assessing Further Hadrianic Foundation Layers
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4.32.1. Objects from within the Pit
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4.33. Preliminary Conclusions and Future Priorities for Excavations in [T13] and [T14]
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4.34. Pottery Types From Deposits in [T13.1] and [T14.1]
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Bibliography
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407360737 (paper)
- 9781407360744 (ebook)
BAR Number: S3127