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  3. The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey: How Social Movements and Elite Competition Created a Welfare State

The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey: How Social Movements and Elite Competition Created a Welfare State

Erdem Yörük
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In The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey, author Erdem Yörük provides a politics-based explanation for the post-1980 transformation of the Turkish welfare system, in which poor relief policies have replaced employment-based social security. This book is one of the results of Yörük's European Research Council-funded project, which compares the political dynamics in several emerging markets in order to develop a new political theory of welfare in the global south. As such, this book is an ambitious analytical and empirical contribution to understanding the causes of a sweeping shift in the nature of state welfare provision in Turkey during the recent decades—part of a global trend that extends far beyond Turkey. Most scholarship about Turkey and similar countries has explained this shift toward poor relief as a response to demographic and structural changes including aging populations, the decline in the economic weight of industry, and the informalization of labor, while ignoring the effect of grassroots politics. In order to overcome these theoretical shortages in the literature, the book revisits concepts of political containment and political mobilization from the earlier literature on the mid-twentieth-century welfare state development and incorporates the effects of grassroots politics in order to understand the recent welfare system shift as it materialized in Turkey, where a new matrix of political dynamics has produced new large-scale social assistance programs. 
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • Dedication
  • Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Figures
  • Tables
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Theoretical Explanations for Changes in Welfare Systems
  • Chapter 2. The Transformation of the Turkish Welfare System
  • Chapter 3. Contentious Politics in Turkey, 1970–2017
  • Chapter 4. The Politics of the Turkish Welfare System’s Transformation
  • Chapter 5. Welfare Policies and the Kurdish Conflict
  • Conclusion
  • Footnotes
  • References
  • Index
This open access version is made available thanks in part to the support of libraries participating in Knowledge Unlatched.
Citable Link
Published: 2022
Publisher: University of Michigan Press
License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license
ISBN(s)
  • 978-0-472-13304-8 (hardcover)
  • 978-0-472-03902-9 (paper)
  • 978-0-472-90282-8 (open access)
Subject
  • Political Science

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  • Yörük, Erdem18
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  • World Bank2
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Line graph showing Turkish total public social expenditures as percentage of GDP between 1980 and 2016.

Turkish total public social expenditures as percentage of GDP (1980 - 2016)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 1. Turkish total public social expenditures as percentage of GDP (1980–2016)

Bar graph showing patterns of employment-based and income-based welfare law enactment between 1980 and 2016.

Patterns of employment-based and income-based welfare law enactment

From Chapter 2

Fig. 2. Patterns of employment-based and income-based welfare law enactment

Line graph showing labor productivity, real wages, and strikes in Turkey between 1960 and 2019.

Labor productivity, real wages and strikes in Turkey (1960-2019)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 3. Labor productivity, real wages, and strikes in Turkey (1960–2019)

Line graph showing real minimum pension levels from the Social Security Administration between 1970 and 2016.

Real minimum pension levels from SGK (1970-2016)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 4. Real minimum pension levels from the Social Security Administration (1970–2016)

Bar graph showing changes in minimum retirement age for female employees between 1950 and 2006.

Changes in minimum retirement age for female employees (1950-2006)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 5. Changes in minimum retirement age for female employees (1950–2006)

Line graph showing coverage of social security institutions as percentage of population between 1955 and 2017.

Coverage of social security institutions as percent of population (1955-2017)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 6. Coverage of social security institutions as percentage of population (1955–2017)

Line graph showing total expenditures of social security institutions as percentage of Turkish GDP between 1989 and 2018.

Total Expenditures of Social Security Institutions as % of Turkish GDP (1989-2018)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 7. Total Expenditures of social security institutions as percentage of Turkish GDP (1989–2018)

Line graph showing total social assistance expenditures in Turkey in lira and as percentage of GDP between 2004 and 2020.

Total social assistance expenditures in Turkey in Lira and as Percentage of GDP (2004-2020)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 8. Total social assistance expenditures in Turkey in lira and as percentage of GDP (2004–2020)

Line graph showing changes in the percentage of the population benefiting from all social assistance and from the free health care (Green Card) program between 2003 and 2016.

Changes in the percentage of population benefiting from all social assistance and from the free health care (Green Card) program (2003-2016)

From Chapter 2

Fig. 9. Changes in the percentage of the population benefiting from all social assistance and from the free health care (Green Card) program (2003–2016)

Line graph showing total number of grassroots political events per year between 1970 and 2017.

Total number of grassroots political events per year (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 10. Total number of grassroots political events per year (1970–2017)

Line graph showing grassroots political activities of the formal proletariat between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of the formal proletariat (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 11. Grassroots political activities of the formal proletariat (1970–2017)

Line graph showing grassroots political activities of the socialist movement between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of the socialist movement (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 12. Grassroots political activities of the socialist movement (1970–2017)

Line graph showing the vote percentages of the main parties in Turkish elections between 1950 and 1980.

Vote percentages of the main parties in Turkish Elections (1950-1980)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 13. Vote percentages of the main parties in Turkish elections (1950–1980)

Line graph showing the unemployment rate in Turkey between 1980 and 2018.

Unemployment rate in Turkey (1980-2018)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 14. Unemployment rate in Turkey (1980–2018)

Line graph showing the grassroots political activities of the informal proletariat between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of the informal proletariat (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 15. Grassroots political activities of the informal proletariat (1970–2017)

Line graph showing the grassroots political activities of the Islamist movement between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of the Islamist movement (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 16. Grassroots political activities of the Islamist movement (1970–2017)

Line graph showing the grassroots political activities of the Kurdish movement between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of the Kurdish movement (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 17. Grassroots political activities of the Kurdish movement (1970–2017)

Line graph showing grassroots political activities of non-Kurdish origin between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities of non-Kurdish origin (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 18. Grassroots political activities of non-Kurdish origin (1970–2017)

Line graph showing grassroots political activities in rural areas between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities in rural areas (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 19. Grassroots political activities in rural areas (1970–2017)

Line graph showing grassroots political activities in the Kurdish region between 1970 and 2017.

Grassroots political activities in the Kurdish region (1970-2017)

From Chapter 3

Fig. 20. Grassroots political activities in the Kurdish region (1970–2017)

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