Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy Makers

Table of Contents

• Cover
• Half Title
• Title Page
• Copyright
• Contents
• Series Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction: Experts in a Democratic Society
• Part I Building the Constituency and Setting the Patterns, 1890–1921
  • Chapter One The Early Good Roads Movement, 1890–1905
    • Creating Public Support: Roy Stone and the LAW
    • Promotion and Politics: Martin Dodge and the OPRI, 1899–1905
  • Chapter Two The Progressives, Expertise, and Highways, 1905–16
    • Expertise and Highways: Technical Information
    • Expertise and Highways: Management and Administration 30
    • The Social Justification of Good Roads
    • Federal Aid for Highways, 1910–16
  • Chapter Three The Creation of a National Highway System, 1916–21
    • False Start for Federal Aid
    • Federal Aid versus a National Highway Commission
    • The Federal Highway Act of 1921
    • MacDonald’s Policy and Consensus
• Part II The Golden Age of Highway Building, 1921–36
  • Chapter Four Building the Federal-Aid Highway System, 1921–36
    • Cooperation and Federal Aid
    • Federal Aid in Michigan
    • The BPR and State Highway Systems: The Role of Expertise
    • Roads and Relief, 1929–36
    • Highway Building, 1921–36
  • Chapter Five Highway Research and the Cooperative Ethos, 1918–40
    • The BPR and Highway Research
    • The BPR and Cooperative Research: The Highway Research Board
    • The Limits to Cooperation
  • Chapter Six The Paradox of Cooperation and Expertise: Consensus Highway Standards, 1921–39
    • The Crusade for Standards in Industry
    • State Highway Specifications: The BPR and the AASHO 121
    • Consensus Standards for Highway Materials: The BPR and the ASTM
    • The Contradiction of the Associative Philosophy
• Part III From Rural to Urban Road Building, 1936–56
  • Chapter Seven The Failure of Consensus, 1936–38
    • Road Building in the New Deal
    • Alternatives to the Federal-Aid System: Rural Roads and Superhighways
    • Urban Highways in the 1920s and 1930s
    • Heading Off the Competition: BPR Responses, 1935–38
  • Chapter Eight Planning and Master Plans, 1938–44
    • Highway Planning Surveys and a Master Plan: Toll Roads and Free Roads
    • The National Interregional Highway Committee and Postwar Planning
    • Building a New Consensus, 1943–44
    • The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
  • Chapter Nine Shaping a New Consensus: From Postwar Struggles to Interstate Highways, 1945–56
    • Postwar Road Building, 1945–48
    • Rural versus Urban Highways, 1948–50
    • More Money for Roads, 1950–53
    • Toll Roads and Interstate Highways, 1950–53
    • The Emergence of a New Consensus, 1953–54
    • The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, 1954–56
    • Politics or Expertise?
• Conclusion Highway Engineers as Policy Makers
• Abbreviations
• Notes
• Note on Sources
• Index