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Beyond illustration: 2d and 3d digital technologies as tools for discovery in archaeology
Bernard Frischer and Anastasia Dakouri-Hild
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Introduction: From Digital Illustration to Digital Heuristics by Bernard Frischer
Chapter 1 Envisioning Explanation: The Art in Science by David C. Gooding
Abstract
Introduction
Managing Complexity: Visual Method in the Sciences
[introduction]
Reanimating Extinct Organisms
How Pattern and Structure Elucidate Process
Visualizing Vascular Structures
Stereographic Projection of Crystal Structure
Conclusion
Chapter 2 Virtual Archaeology: Communication in 3D and Ecological Thinking by Maurizio Forte
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology of Archaeological Research
Bottom-Up and Top-Down
The Third Dimension
Eureka!
VR and Learning
Accuracy, Precision, Information
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Reasoning in 3D: A Critical Appraisal of the Role of 3D Modelling
and Virtual Reconstructions in Archaeology by Sorin Hermon
Abstract
Introduction
VR and 3D Models: Basic Definitions and Applications in
Archaeology
The Process of 3D Modelling
Visualization Tools and Basic Requirements
Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 4 Exploring Behavioural terra incognita
with Archaeological Agent-Based Models by Luke S. Premo
Abstract
Introduction
A Tale of Two Approaches: Emulation and Exploration
Exploring Behavioural terra incognita in the Lower Paleolithic
Conclusion
Chapter 5 Cost Surface DEM Modelling of Viking Age Seafaring in the Baltic
Sea by George Indruszewski & C. Michael Barton
Abstract
Introduction
The Research Issue
Research Methods
The AS Sailing Simulation in GRASS
The LCP Sailing Simulation in ArcView
Discussion
Chapter 6 Visualizing DEMs: The Significance of Modern Landscape
Modifications in the Distribution of Archaeological Finds by Renate Gerlach, Irmela Herzog & Julia von
Koblinski
Abstract
Introduction
Creating the DEM Image
The Accuracy of the DEM Grid
A GIS of Pits and Heaps
Three Test Areas in Different Landscapes
Modern Features Mould the Terrain
Conclusion
Chapter 7 The Potential of Ancient Maps for Quantifying Slope Processes –
Comparison of Historical and Modern Elevation Models by Jutta Lechterbeck
Abstract
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results and Discussion
Chapter 8 LIDAR-Based Surface Height Measurements: Applications in
Archaeology by Arjan G. de Boer, Walter N. H. Laan, Wouter Waldus &
Wilko K. van Zijverden
Abstract
Introduction
Technical Background
Laser Altimetry Techniques
Interpolation and Visualization Techniques
Applications in Archaeology
Landscape Reconstruction
Tracing Archaeological Sites
Traditional Remote-Sensing Techniques versus Laser Altimetry
Conclusion
Chapter 9 Voxel-Based 3D GIS: Modelling and Analysis of Archaeological
Stratigraphy by Undine Lieberwirth
Abstract
Model-Building in Archaeology
3D Model-Building in Archaeology
Solid Models
3D Visualization of Archaeological Stratigraphy Using GIS: A Research History
Voxel Structure and Creation
An OSS 3D GIS
The Akroterion Case Study
Legacy Data
The Voxel-Based Model
Occupation Phases
Volumetrics
Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 10 A Software System to Work with 3D Models in Cultural Heritage
research by Can Ozmen & Selim Balcisoy
Abstract
Introduction
Trends in 3D Scanning Technologies
Motivation
Design Decisions
Tools
Results
Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 11 A Digital Model of the Inca Sanctuary of the Sun by Chris Johanson & Bernard Frischer
Abstract
Background: The Island of the Sun, and the Project
The Creation of a Generalized Tool-Methodology
The Model
The Creation of the Sun
Geographic Space and Scientific Accuracy
The Pilgrimage: A Visual Narrative
Additional Observations
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 12 Applications of 3D Technology as a Research Tool in
Archaeological Ceramic Analysis by Avshalom Karasik
Abstract
Introduction
The History of Pottery Visualization and Data Acquisition Using 3D Scanners
Uniformity and Deformations: New Quantitative Definitions for Pottery Analysis
Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 13 Virtual Archaeology and Computer-Aided Reconstruction of the
Severan Marble Plan by David R. Koller
Figure 3 Reconstruction of the arthropod Sidneyia inexpectans as a 3D model built in sections derived from camera lucida drawings such as those in Fig. 2 (after Bruton 1981: fig. 107; reprinted by permission of the Royal Society of London).
Figure 7 Screen shot of wind-generated spread simulation generated by the GRASS 6 anisotropic wildfire spreading module. The spread is shown as grey-patterned area beginning at the southeastern coast of the Jutland peninsula and extending progressively eastward.
Figure 16 Trench IX of the Akroterion excavation at Kythera, depiction of all architectural features with simulated finds as vector points with identification numbers; generated by GRASS GIS, visualized by ParaView.
Figure 9 Via Flaminia Project: Collaborative Virtual Environment reconstructed on the basis of the laser scanner data of the Villa of Livia (1st c. AD, Rome).
Figure 8 Images of a model that is also an artistic reconstruction comparable to Sanctacaris in Fig. 4C. A is the front view of a secondary parenchymal unit (left) and B shows the central venular tree that drains it. In the original, colour coding is used to differentiate the primary units of which the whole is composed. This coding is lost in monochrome reproductions (after Teutsch et al. 1999: fig. 4; copyright of J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Figure 12 Trench IX of the Akroterion excavation at Kythera, vertical slice of all stratigraphical units; generated by GRASS GIS, visualized by ParaView.
Figure 10B A. Bragg's earliest diagram of the diffraction of X-rays by a crystal (after Bragg 1913: fig. 2); B. The model demonstrating how diffraction can produce the elliptical patterns that correspond to positions of spots on the X-ray photographs such as 9A (after Bragg 1933: fig. 19).
Figure 6 The mean and the standard deviation of the inter/intra-vessel uniformities for each section size of the flower pots assemblage. The smaller the section the higher the correlations.
Figure 5 A depiction of types of visual inference showing four main transformations. Moves from pattern to structure (arc BC) and from structure to process (CD) are generative and expand information content. Moves from unresolved phenomena to a pattern (arc AB), from process to structure or from structure to pattern (CB, DC, DB) are also generative but reduce the information content of an image.
Figure 1 Faraday's sketch of March 1832. The text shows how to animate the 3D image as a 4D process model which expresses Faraday's discovery of the three-way mutuality of electric, magnetic and motive actions (Martin 1932: 425).
Figure 15 Ottar 2004 route (yellow line) and GIS modeled routes. Most probable spread path from Schlei Fjord to Gdansk generated by the GRASS 6 anisotropic wildfire spreading module is shown in red. The green line traces the best least cost path generated in ArcView 3.1.
Figure 15 Trench IX of the Akroterion excavation at Kythera, Unit 4 (transparent) with 'negative' (dark) and 'positive' surfaces; generated by GRASS GIS, visualized by ParaView.
Figure 7 3D computer models of fragments 330 (left) and 354 (right), showing the unusual smooth, flat sections along the fractured edge surfaces near the proposed join.
Figure 2 Camera lucida drawings of two specimens of Leanchoilia superlata (after Bruton & Whittington 1983: figs. 96 and 97; reprinted by permission of the Royal Society of London).
Figure 4 Fragments fn23 and 28a with their boundary incision annotations indicated. The different colors correspond to different feature type labels (fr. 28a illustration from Rodríguez-Almeida 1981).
Figure 3 Possible interpretations of the structure in Fig. 2 correlated to two different forms of huts (rectangular and circular) or to a single hut with a small access dromos (top-down phase).
Figure 8 Two similar wheel-made jugs from the market of Vienna, left; a plan view of a jar where the four regions used in the current study are indicated, right.
Figure 1 A glimpse of SHARE's simple visual interface. Left: altruistic foragers are blue, selfish foragers are red, plants are green, and animal carcasses are white. Each of these agents has its own set of internal variables and behaviors. Upper right: log of agent communication and agent interactions. Right: line graph of selfish (orange) and altruistic (blue) forager populations through simulated time. Lower right: line graph of within-group (orange) and between-group (blue) selection through simulated time.
Figure 1 Thematic DEM map of elevations covering a 4 square km quadrangle for an agricultural region near Erkelenz, Germany, in the loess landscape of the Rhineland.
Figure 2 Wind speed raster grid map (shaded zone extending eastward from southeastern Jutland) interpolated from 10' data points in GRASS 6. Lighter is lower velocity and darker is higher velocity.
Figure 2 A. Triangulation-based scanning works by analysing the captured projection of a defined pattern, here a straight line; B. TOF-based scanning works by measuring the time it takes for a reflected laser beam to travel back to the source.
Figure 14 Trench IX of the Akroterion excavation at Kythera, 'negative' Unit Surface 4 with transparent Unit 2 above; generated by GRASS GIS, visualized by ParaView.
Figure 5 Direction of maximum rate of spread (ROS) calculated in the GRASS 6 anisotropic wildfire spreading module with wind as the primary spread-generating parameter. Lightest is an easterly spread, darkest is a western spread, and medium grey is a northwestern spread.
Figure 8 Screen shot of wind-generated spread simulation generated by the GRASS 6 anisotropic wildfire spreading module. The spread is shown as grey-patterned area beginning at the southeastern coast of the Jutland peninsula and extending progressively eastward.
Figure 9 Modern photograph of the surviving aula wall on which the Marble Plan was mounted (left), and a section of the digitized wall features (right) with clamp hole locations indicated in red and masonry patches in yellow.
Figure 3 Wind direction raster grid map, interpolated from 10' data points in GRASS 6. Lightest is a west wind, darkest is an east wind, and medium grey is a southwest wind.
Figure 1 A. Screenshot of the virtual tape measure; B. the virtual caliper; C. the virtual radius estimator versus their real-life counterparts; D. a tape measure; E. a caliper; F. a rim chart.
Figure 7C A. Plots of the distribution of enzyme activity over cross-sections of a primary modular structure of rat liver, reconstructed as 3D surfaces. The central vertical line denotes the location of the central venule, labelled 'CV' in Fig. 6B (after Teutsch et al. 1992: fig. 4; reproduced by permission of the Histochemical Society); B-C. A few of the 146 drawings of cross-sections of a secondary unit showing segments of the portal tracts and septa, from which a 3D structure—C—was constructed (after Teutsch et al. 1999: figs. 3 and 6; copyright of J. Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Figure 16 Routes of the Ottar in 2004, the Barsø in 1993, and Crumlin-Pedersen's proposed route (see text for explanation). ArcView-generated least cost path shown for comparison.
Figure 7 DEM covering a 4 square km quadrangle of a rural area in the triangle formed by the German towns Linnich, Jülich, and Titz; modern features, and an old sunken road crossing.
Figure 11 Cost surface based on wind velocity generated by the ArcView 3.1 least cost path routine. Lightest is lowest cost and darkest is highest cost.
Figure 1 Study region in the Baltic, showing the area of Wulfstan's voyage (see text). Locations of wind and current data collected during the 2004 voyage of the Ottar and used in GIS modelling experiments are shown as yellow grid. The grid is used for generating a least cost path (LCP) between the beginning and endpoint. Each dot on the grid contains data on wind speed (raster) and direction (vector). The dots are 10 Nmi (18 km) apart. The grid lies between 54º and 56º north and 10º and 20º east.
Figure 9C From patterns to crystal structure: A. Photograph of pattern produced by diffraction of X-rays by a crystal lattice (after Bragg 1913: fig. 3); B. Excerpt from a notebook entry showing the pattern and size of spots being abstracted from an X-ray image (courtesy of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, W. L. Bragg Papers, RI MS WLB 86); C. Pattern of ellipses drawn to indicate stereographic projection (after Bragg 1913: fig. 4).
Figure 1 Several surviving fragments of the Marble Plan that have been identified and reconstructed as depicting a portion of the Subura neighborhood and Porticus Liviae; straight lines indicate boundaries of the rectangular marble slabs (digital fragment photos composited after Carettoni et al. 1960).
Figure 5 16 square km sample area in the loess landscape near Erkelenz; pits covering at least 7.7 % of the area (the bumps in the south-north and east-west axes are an artefact of small errors in the elevation data).
Figure 14 Backlink least cost path analysis grid generated by the ArcView 3.1 least cost path routine. White line traces the least cost path from Schlei Fjord to Gdańsk.