Skip to main content
ACLS Humanities E-Book
Fulcrum logo

Share the story of what Open Access means to you

a graphic of a lock that is open, the universal logo for open access

University of Michigan needs your feedback to better understand how readers are using openly available ebooks. You can help by taking a short, privacy-friendly survey.

  1. Home
  2. Whose pharaohs?: archaeology, museums, and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to World War I

Whose pharaohs?: archaeology, museums, and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to World War I

Donald Malcolm Reid 2003 © University of California Press
Restricted You do not have access to this book. How to get access.
Read Book
ISBN(s)
  • 9780520930797 (ebook)
  • 9780520221970 (hardcover)
  • 9780520240698 (paper)
Subject
  • Middle Eastern: 632-1918
Citable Link
  • Table of Contents

  • Resources

  • Reviews

  • Related Titles

  • Stats

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright and Permissions
  • Dedication
  • List of Illustrations
    • Figures
    • Maps
    • Tables
  • Acknowledgments
  • Note on Transliteration, Translation, and Dates
  • Introduction
  • Part One Imperial and National Preludes, 1798-1882
    • Chapter 1 Rediscovering Ancient Egypt Champollion and al-Tahtawi
      • Intro
      • European Images of Ancient Egypt before Champollion
      • The European Rediscovery of Upper Egyptian Antiquities
      • Muslim Images of Ancient Egypt before al-Tahtawi
      • The French Expedition and the Institut d'Égypte
      • The Description de l'Égypte
      • Al-Jabarti and the French Expedition
      • The Consul-Collectors: Salt, Drovetti, and Anglo-French Rivalry
      • Al-Jabarti and the Frankish Archaeologists
      • The Decipherers: Young, Champollion, and Anglo-French Rivalry
      • The Copyists, British and French
      • The German Debut: The Lepsius Expedition
      • Institutional Contexts: Museums and Learned Societies in Europe
      • Transplanting a European Model: Cairo's Egyptian Society
      • Al-Tahtawi Rediscovers the Pharaohs
      • Muhammad Ali's Archaeological Diplomacy
      • Armenian Mediations: Yusuf or Joseph Hekekyan?
    • Chapter 2 From Explorer to Cook's Tourist
      • Intro
      • Explorer, Traveler, and Tourist
      • Steamship, Railroad, and Travel Time
      • Money, Leisure, and Social Class
      • The Birth of the Modern Guidebook: Murray, Baedeker, and Joanne
      • Hotels in Cairo and Alexandria
      • Firmans and Dress, Flags and Firearms
      • "Intercourse with Orientals"
      • Tourists and European Residents: Nationality and Quantity
      • Recommended Reading and "Points Requiring Examination"
      • From Land of Pestilence to Health Resort
      • Up the Nile: Dahabiyya, Steamer, and Railroad
      • Reporting Home: Paintings and Travelers' Tales, Photographs and Postcards
      • The Industrialization of Travel: Thomas Cook and Son
    • Chapter 3 Egyptology under Ismail Mariette, al-Tahtawi, and Brugsch, 1850-1882
      • Intro
      • Ismail's Precarious Renaissance
      • (Re-)Founding the Antiquities Service
      • The Egyptian Museum: Mariette at Bulaq
      • Al-Tahtawi's History of Pre-Islamic Egypt
      • Egyptological Rivalries in Cairo: France, Germany, and the Rest
      • Egyptology for the Egyptians: Brugsch and the School of Egyptology
      • Ancient Egypt and the Egyptian Public
      • Egyptology at the Institut Égyptien and Khedivial Geographical Society
      • Representing Egypt: World's Fair Fantasies of Pharaoh
      • Representing Egyptology: International Congresses of Orientalists
      • The Gathering Storm: Ismail and Mariette in the 1870s
  • Part Two Imperial High Noon, Nationalist Dawn, 1882-1914
    • Chapter 4 Cromer and the Classics Ideological Uses of the Greco-Roman Past
      • Intro
      • Classical Discourse in Western Identity
      • Egypt through European Classical Lenses
      • Muslim Views on Classical Greece and Rome before al-Tahtawi
      • Al-Tahtawi's Classical Greece and Rome
      • Greeks, Italians, and Alexandria's Nineteenth-Century Renaissance
      • Mahmud al-Falaki: Excavating and Mapping Ancient Alexandria
      • Gladstone, Cromer, and Ancient and Modern Imperialism
      • The Greco-Roman Museum and the Société d'archéologie d'Alexandrie
      • Syrian Christian Immigrants and the Greco-Roman Classics
      • Egyptian Experimentation with the Greco-Roman Classics
      • An International Congress of Classical Archaeology in Cairo
      • The Greco-Roman Legacy on the Eve of World War I
    • Chapter 5 Egyptology in the Age of Maspero and Ahmad Kamal
      • Intro
      • Maspero, IFAO, and the Antiquities Service to 1886
      • The Return of British Egyptology: Petrie and the Egypt Exploration Fund
      • Pyramids and Progress: Ali Mubarak's Ancient Egypt
      • Egyptological Skirmishes on the Road to Fashoda, 1886-1899
      • A Toehold in Egyptology: Ahmad Kamal and His Generation
      • Egyptology and Egyptian Representation in the Institut Égyptien
      • Representing Ancient Egypt: World's Fairs and International Congresses of Orientalists
      • Marcel Dourgnon's Egyptian Museum, Cairo
      • Maspero and the Entente Cordiale
      • The Return of the Germans and the Italians
      • The American Debut
      • The Work of Ahmad Kamal
      • Ancient Egypt in Turn-of-the-Century National Consciousness
    • Chapter 6 Islamic Art, Archaeology, and Orientalism The Comité and Ali Bahgat
      • Intro
      • Prelude to Preservation: Haussmannizing Cairo
      • Historic Preservation in Europe and Appreciation of Arab Art
      • Imperialism, Preservation, and the Birth of the Comité
      • The Comité under the British Occupation
      • The Formation of Ali Bahgat
      • Ali Mubarak and the European Preservationists
      • European National Representation on the Comité
      • The Museum of Arab Art
      • Neo-Islamic Architecture
      • Locations of Resistance: Awqaf Officials and the Palace
      • Ali Bahgat, Nationalism, and the Orientalists
      • Representing Egypt: International Congresses of Orientalists
      • Representing Egypt: "Streets of Cairo" at the World's Fairs
      • Ali Bahgat, al-Fustat, and the Coming of the War
    • Chapter 7 Modern Sons of the Pharaohs? Marcus Simaika and the Coptic Past
      • Intro
      • The Copts to 1854
      • Renaissance and Reaction: Patriarch Cyril IV and After
      • The Education of Marcus Simaika
      • Coptic Reform and the British Occupation
      • Revaluing the Coptic Past: European Perspectives
      • Revaluing the Coptic Past: Simaika and the Comité
      • From Armenians to Copts
      • Founding the Coptic Museum
      • Copts between Millet and the Nation
      • Children of the Coptic Church or of the Pharaohs?
    • Conclusion
  • Appendix Supplementary Tables
    • Table 6 Egyptian Guidebook Editions, by Language
    • Table 7 Nationalities of Western Authors of Egyptian Travel Books
    • Table 8 Foreign Residents of Egypt (and Protégés), by Nationality (In Thousands)
    • Table 9 Ranking by Nationality of Number of Residents and Indicators of Tourism
    • Table 10 Membership in the Institut Égyptien and the Khedivial Geographical Society
    • Table 11 World's Fairs and International Congresses, 1851-1882
    • Table 12 Heads of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, 1858-1952
    • Table 13 World's Fairs and International Congresses, 1883-1914
    • Table 14 Founding Dates of Western Archaeological Institutes in the Mediterranean
  • Notes
    • Abbreviations
    • Introduction
    • Chapter 1. Rediscovering Ancient Egypt
    • Chapter 2. From Explorer to Cook's Tourist
    • Chapter 3. Egyptology under Ismail
    • Chapter 4. Cromer and the Classics
    • Chapter 5. Egyptology in the Age of Maspero and Ahmad Kamal
    • Chapter 6. Islamic Art, Archaeology, and Orientalism
    • Chapter 7. Modern Sons of the Pharaohs?
    • Conclusion
  • Select Bibliography
    • Unpublished Sources
      • Note on Sources
      • Egypt
      • United Kingdom
      • France
      • United States
    • Published Sources
      • Nationalism and Imperialism, General
      • Modern Egypt and the Middle East, General
      • Modern Egypt, Cultural
      • Foreigners and Non-Egyptian Minorities in Egypt
      • Archaelogy and Museums, General
      • The French Expedition—Chapter 1
      • Travel and Tourism, General—Chapter 2
      • Egyptian Travel Accounts, Guidebooks, and Tourism—Chapters 1 and 2
      • Egyptology and Egyptomania—Chapters 1, 3, and 5
      • International Exhibitions—Chapters 3, 5, and 6
      • Greco-Roman Studies—Chapter 4
      • Orientalism and Islamic Art, Architecture, and Archaeology—Chapter 6
      • Coptic Studies—Chapter 7
  • Index
    • A-C
    • D-H
    • I-N
    • O-Z
  • About the Author

Search and Filter Resources

Filter search results by

Creator

  • University of California Press
Filter search results by

Format

  • image51
Your search has returned 51 resources attached to Whose pharaohs?: archaeology, museums, and Egyptian national identity from Napoleon to World War I

Search Constraints

Filtering by: Creator University of California Press Remove constraint Creator: University of California Press
Start Over
« Previous | 1 - 20 of 51 | Next »
  • First Appearance
  • Section (Earliest First)
  • Section (Last First)
  • Format (A-Z)
  • Format (Z-A)
  • Year (Oldest First)
  • Year (Newest First)
Number of results to display per page
  • 10 per page
  • 20 per page
  • 50 per page
  • 100 per page
View results as:
List Gallery

Search Results

Framing and claiming Egyptian antiquity: Cécile's engraved frontispiece to Description de l'Égypte, vol. 1: Antiquités: Planches (Paris, 1809). The landscape shows no sign of Cairo, Islamic monuments, or modern inhabitants.

Framing and claiming Egyptian antiquity: Cécile's engraved frontispiece to Description de l'Égypte, vol. 1: Antiquités: Planches (Paris, 1809). The landscape shows no sign of Cairo, Islamic monuments, or modern inhabitants.

Figure 1. Framing and claiming Egyptian antiquity: Cécile's engraved frontispiece to Description de l'Égypte, vol. 1: Antiquités: Planches (Paris, 1809). The landscape shows no sign of Cairo, Islamic monuments, or modern inhabitants.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

A monument to Western Egyptology: the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, inaugurated in 1902.

Figure 2. A monument to Western Egyptology: the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, inaugurated in 1902.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

Enshrining Auguste Mariette: Mariette's sarcophagus and statue, inaugurated in 1904, in the garden of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Figure 3. Enshrining Auguste Mariette: Mariette's sarcophagus and statue, inaugurated in 1904, in the garden of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

Western founding fathers of Egyptology: plaque on the facade of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Architect: M. Dourgnon.

Figure 4. Western founding fathers of Egyptology: plaque on the facade of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Architect: M. Dourgnon.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

The "wet drapery" look: Nekhbet, the vulture goddess, personifying Upper Egypt, flanking the portal of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Figure 5. The "wet drapery" look: Nekhbet, the vulture goddess, personifying Upper Egypt, flanking the portal of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

Imperial Latin: inscription in the name of Abbas Hilmi (II), the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Hijri date, in Latin with Roman numerals, is also well disguised from Egyptians.

Figure 6. Imperial Latin: inscription in the name of Abbas Hilmi (II), the Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Hijri date, in Latin with Roman numerals, is also well disguised from Egyptians.

Courtesy of the Centre d'études et de documentation économiques, juridiques et sociales, Cairo.

Reframing and reclaiming Egyptian antiquity: Arabic magazine cover, 1899. Ancient Egypt serves here as an inspiration for a modern Egyptian renaissance. Abbas II presides, with reformist scholar-officials (clockwise) Ali Mubarak, Rifaa al-Tahtawi, Abdallah Fikri, and Mahmud al-Falaki framing the scene. In Bertrand Millet, Samir, Mickey, Sindbad, et les autres: Histoire de la presse enfantine en Égypte, Dossiers du CEDEJ 1-1987 (Cairo, 1987), 31.

Figure 7. Reframing and reclaiming Egyptian antiquity: Arabic magazine cover, 1899. Ancient Egypt serves here as an inspiration for a modern Egyptian renaissance. Abbas II presides, with reformist scholar-officials (clockwise) Ali Mubarak, Rifaa al-Tahtawi, Abdallah Fikri, and Mahmud al-Falaki framing the scene. In Bertrand Millet, Samir, Mickey, Sindbad, et les autres: Histoire de la presse enfantine en Égypte, Dossiers du CEDEJ 1-1987 (Cairo, 1987), 31.

Egypt through classical lenses: Athanasius Kircher as Oedipus deciphering the riddle of the Egyptian sphinx. Frontispiece, by J. A. Canixus, engraved by C. Biolmaert, to Kircher, Oedipus aegyptiacus, 4 vols. (Rome, 1652-1654), vol. 1.

Egypt through classical lenses: Athanasius Kircher as Oedipus deciphering the riddle of the Egyptian sphinx. Frontispiece, by J. A. Canixus, engraved by C. Biolmaert, to Kircher, Oedipus aegyptiacus, 4 vols. (Rome, 1652-1654), vol. 1.

Figure 8. Egypt through classical lenses: Athanasius Kircher as Oedipus deciphering the riddle of the Egyptian sphinx. Frontispiece, by J. A. Canixus, engraved by C. Biolmaert, to Kircher, Oedipus aegyptiacus, 4 vols. (Rome, 1652-1654), vol. 1.

Photograph by Donald Reid.

Egypt through biblical lenses: Egypt Saved by Joseph, by Abel du Pujol, 1827. On a ceiling in the Egyptian section of the Louvre.

Figure 9. Egypt through biblical lenses: Egypt Saved by Joseph, by Abel du Pujol, 1827. On a ceiling in the Egyptian section of the Louvre.

Classical or pharaonic trophy: which should go to France? "Cleopatra's Needle" and "Pompey's Pillar," Alexandria. In Benoît de Maillet, Description de l'Égypte, ed. L'abbé le Mascrier (Paris, 1735), 144.

Classical or pharaonic trophy: which should go to France? "Cleopatra's Needle" and "Pompey's Pillar," Alexandria. In Benoît de Maillet, Description de l'Égypte, ed. L'abbé le Mascrier (Paris, 1735), 144.

Figure 10. Classical or pharaonic trophy: which should go to France? "Cleopatra's Needle" and "Pompey's Pillar," Alexandria. In Benoît de Maillet, Description de l'Égypte, ed. L'abbé le Mascrier (Paris, 1735), 144.

From the collection of Patricia Remler (p. 43, object no. 16). Courtesy of Hillwood Art Museum, Long Island University.

French savants besieged atop Pompey's Pillar: Siège de la Colonne de Pompée: Science in the Pillory, engraving by J. Gillray, 6 March 1799, as reproduced in Napoleon in Egypt (Brookville, N.Y.: Hillwood Art Museum, Long Island University—C. W. Post Campus, 1990), 12.

Figure 11. French savants besieged atop Pompey's Pillar: Siège de la Colonne de Pompée: Science in the Pillory, engraving by J. Gillray, 6 March 1799, as reproduced in Napoleon in Egypt (Brookville, N.Y.: Hillwood Art Museum, Long Island University—C. W. Post Campus, 1990), 12.

Staking a Prussian imperial claim: the Lepsius expedition celebrating the birthday of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV atop the Great Pyramid in 1842. Engraving by Georg Frey, reproduced in Bernhard Lepsius, Das Haus Lepsius (Berlin, 1933), facing p. 80.

Staking a Prussian imperial claim: the Lepsius expedition celebrating the birthday of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV atop the Great Pyramid in 1842. Engraving by Georg Frey, reproduced in Bernhard Lepsius, Das Haus Lepsius (Berlin, 1933), facing p. 80.

Figure 12. Staking a Prussian imperial claim: the Lepsius expedition celebrating the birthday of King Friedrich Wilhelm IV atop the Great Pyramid in 1842. Engraving by Georg Frey, reproduced in Bernhard Lepsius, Das Haus Lepsius (Berlin, 1933), facing p. 80.

Courtesy of the Musée du Louvre, Département des arts graphiques.

Napoleonic plunder, Napoleonic scholarship: Dominique-Vivant Denon travaillant dans la salle de Diane au Louvre, allegorical portrait by Benjamin Zix, ca. 1809-1811.

Figure 13. Napoleonic plunder, Napoleonic scholarship: Dominique-Vivant Denon travaillant dans la salle de Diane au Louvre, allegorical portrait by Benjamin Zix, ca. 1809-1811.

Rifaa al-Tahtawi, reformist scholar-official, head of the Translation Bureau, the School of Languages, and the abortive antiquities service and museum (1835). Author of the first history of ancient Egypt in Arabic (1868). This postage stamp is evidence of his current recognition.

Rifaa al-Tahtawi, reformist scholar-official, head of the Translation Bureau, the School of Languages, and the abortive antiquities service and museum (1835). Author of the first history of ancient Egypt in Arabic (1868). This postage stamp is evidence of his current recognition.

Figure 14. Rifaa al-Tahtawi, reformist scholar-official, head of the Translation Bureau, the School of Languages, and the abortive antiquities service and museum (1835). Author of the first history of ancient Egypt in Arabic (1868). This postage stamp is evidence of his current recognition.

Muhammad Ali's choice? A pyramid as a symbol of Egypt. Masthead of Al-Waqai al-Misriyya, Egypt's official journal, 1829. In Amin Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, vol. 2 (Cairo, 1928), 346.

Muhammad Ali's choice? A pyramid as a symbol of Egypt. Masthead of Al-Waqai al-Misriyya, Egypt's official journal, 1829. In Amin Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, vol. 2 (Cairo, 1928), 346.

Figure 15. Muhammad Ali's choice? A pyramid as a symbol of Egypt. Masthead of Al-Waqai al-Misriyya, Egypt's official journal, 1829. In Amin Sami, Taqwim al-Nil, vol. 2 (Cairo, 1928), 346.

Courtesy of the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art, Brooklyn Museum of Art.

Tourists on the porch of Shepheard's Hotel, Cairo. Photographer unknown, n.d. In Deborah Bull and Donald Lorimer, Up the Nile: A Photographic Excursion: Egypt 1839-1898 (New York, 1979), 17.

Figure 16. Tourists on the porch of Shepheard's Hotel, Cairo. Photographer unknown, n.d. In Deborah Bull and Donald Lorimer, Up the Nile: A Photographic Excursion: Egypt 1839-1898 (New York, 1979), 17.

Beset by "lesser breeds"? Donkey Boys and Foreigners, by C. Rudolf Huber, in G. Ebers, Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque, vol. 2, trans. Clara Bell (London, 1878). Note the hostile portrayal of the Egyptians.

Beset by "lesser breeds"? Donkey Boys and Foreigners, by C. Rudolf Huber, in G. Ebers, Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque, vol. 2, trans. Clara Bell (London, 1878). Note the hostile portrayal of the Egyptians.

Figure 17. Beset by "lesser breeds"? Donkey Boys and Foreigners, by C. Rudolf Huber, in G. Ebers, Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque, vol. 2, trans. Clara Bell (London, 1878). Note the hostile portrayal of the Egyptians.

A Trip to the Pyramids, Old Style, in Reverend Samuel Manning, The Land of the Pharaohs: Egypt and Sinai (London, n.d.), 48.

A Trip to the Pyramids, Old Style, in Reverend Samuel Manning, The Land of the Pharaohs: Egypt and Sinai (London, n.d.), 48.

Figure 18. A Trip to the Pyramids, Old Style, in Reverend Samuel Manning, The Land of the Pharaohs: Egypt and Sinai (London, n.d.), 48.

Photograph courtesy of the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (photograph no. 94-9104). Photographer unknown.

Gender and tourism at the Pyramids: "Few people visit the Pyramids without climbing up them as their energy permits. Just look at those American women on their way up, falling into the clutches of the Bedouin before your very eyes." (Character in Muhammad Muwaylihi's A Period of Time, trans. Roger Allen [Reading, England, 1992], 358.)

Figure 19. Gender and tourism at the Pyramids: "Few people visit the Pyramids without climbing up them as their energy permits. Just look at those American women on their way up, falling into the clutches of the Bedouin before your very eyes." (Character in Muhammad Muwaylihi's A Period of Time, trans. Roger Allen [Reading, England, 1992], 358.)

Aesthetic arrangement in Mariette's Bulaq Museum. Although dismissing such arrangements as "useless to science," Mariette said he used them to catch the attention of Egyptians. In Auguste Mariette-Bey, Album de Musée de Boulaq (Cairo, 1871), plate 37. Photograph by Hippolyte Délile and Émile Béchard.

Aesthetic arrangement in Mariette's Bulaq Museum. Although dismissing such arrangements as "useless to science," Mariette said he used them to catch the attention of Egyptians. In Auguste Mariette-Bey, Album de Musée de Boulaq (Cairo, 1871), plate 37. Photograph by Hippolyte Délile and Émile Béchard.

Figure 20. Aesthetic arrangement in Mariette's Bulaq Museum. Although dismissing such arrangements as "useless to science," Mariette said he used them to catch the attention of Egyptians. In Auguste Mariette-Bey, Album de Musée de Boulaq (Cairo, 1871), plate 37. Photograph by Hippolyte Délile and Émile Béchard.

  • « Previous
  • Next »
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
Reviews
Journal AbbreviationLabelURL
AHR 108.1 (Feb. 2003): 301-302 http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/533221
JCCH 4.1 (Spring 2003) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_colonialism_and_colonial_history/v004/4.1celik.html
JIH 33.4 (Spring 2003): 684-685 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/v033/33.4fagan.html
JAOS 122.4 (Oct. 2002): 886-887 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3217652
ISIS 94.1 (March 2003): 162-163 http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376150
Related Titles
HEB IdTitleAuthorsPublication Information
heb02308.0001.001 Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.
heb02300.0001.001 The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature and the Ways to Culture, 1800-1918. Buzard, James. Oxford: Oxford University Press UK, 1993.
heb02306.0001.001 Displaying the Orient: Architecture of Islam at Nineteenth-Century World's Fairs. Celik, Zeynep. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
heb02305.0001.001 Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology. Drower, Margaret S. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
heb02299.0001.001 A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town. Herzfeld, Michael. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
heb00896.0001.001 Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939. Hourani, Albert Habib. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Egypt Under the Khedives, 1805-1879: From Household to Modern Bureaucracy. Hunter, F. Robert. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
heb02302.0001.001 Puritans in Babylon: The Ancient Near East and American Intellectual Life, 1880-1930. Kuklick, Bruce. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
heb02307.0001.001 Down From Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970. Marchand, Suzanne L. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003.
Orientalism. Said, Edward W. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
heb02303.0001.001 Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East. Silberman, Neil Asher. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1989.
A History of Archaeological Thought. Trigger, Bruce G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
1,493 views since August 30, 2018
ACLS Humanities E-Book logo

ACLS Humanities E-Book

  • About HEB
  • Contact HEB
  • For Librarians
  • Subscriptions

Powered by Fulcrum logo

  • About
  • Blog
  • Feedback
  • Contact
  • Contribute
  • Accessibility
  • Preservation
  • Privacy
  • Terms of Service
  • Log In
© ACLS Humanities E-Book 2020
x This site requires cookies to function correctly.