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Scriptures, Shrines, Scapegoats, and World Politics: Religious Sources of Conflict and Cooperation in the Modern Era
The effect of religious factors on politics has been a key issue since the end of the Cold War and the subsequent rise of religious terrorism. However, the systematic investigations of these topics have focused primarily on the effects of religion on domestic and international conflict. Scriptures, Shrines, Scapegoats, and World Politics offers a comprehensive evaluation of the role of religion in international relations, broadening the scope of investigation to such topics as the relationship between religion and cooperation, religion and conflict, and the relationship between religion and the quality of life. Religion is often manipulated by political elites to advance their principal goal of political survival. Zeev Maoz and Errol A. Henderson find that no specific religion is either consistently more bellicose or consistently more cooperative than other religions. However, religious similarity between states tends to reduce the propensity of conflict and increase the opportunity for security cooperation. The authors find a significant relationship between secularism and human security.
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Fig. 6.5. Religious similarity and cooperative communities, 1945–2010. Note: The modularity coefficient provides an assessment of the “quality” of community structures. Specifically, it provides a difference between the actual community structure, and the community structure that would have been obtained by chance. The higher the modularity, the more reliable the community structure detected by the algorithm. The cohesion coefficient measures the extent to which within-community religious similarity is different (higher > 0, lower 0) than between-community religious similarity. The null coefficient provides an assessment of the cohesion coefficient that would have been obtained by chance. The higher the difference between the actual cohesion coefficient and the null coefficient, the higher the impact of religious similarity on community formation.
Fig. 7.1. The distribution of international and civil conflicts 1945–2010. Key: Interstate war data and COW civil war data are from Sarkees and Wayman (2007); UCDP civil conflict data are from the Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research and PRIO (Peace Research Institute, Oslo). FL is the Fearon/Laitin dataset (Fearon and Laitin 2003) updated to 2013, and NAVCO is the Non-Violent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes (Chenoweth and Stephan 2013). The vertical axis is the percent of states experiencing a given range of civil conflict.
Fig. 7.2. The inequality of civil and interstate wars—Gini coefficients. Key: Gini coefficient—degree of inequality in the distribution of civil/interstate conflict. Datasets are as mentioned in Figure 7.1 above.
Fig. 7.3. Religious polarization, religion-state relations, and the probability of religious war outbreak (marginal effects based on Heckman probit selection model)