Fig. 9.1.Spatial distribution of COVID-19 in the world (map on top), in the United States (map on bottom left), and in Ohio (map on bottom right) as of July 2022.

Fig. 9.2.Disease mapping of malaria and HIV. A) Spatial distribution of malaria prevalence in Africa (Hay and Snow 2006). B) Spatial distribution of HIV in Africa (Dwyer-Lindgren et al. 2019).

Fig. 9.3.Spatial distribution of the opioid overdose mortality rate in Ohio, 2010–2017.

Fig. 9.4.County-level distribution of intensive care unit (ICU) beds (map on the left), and the distribution of the counties in the different spatial risk groups (map on the right) in Ohio. Group 1: counties with airports; Group 2: counties surrounding the counties with airports; Group 3: counties with main highways crossing the county; and Group 4: counties not surrounding counties with airports or being crossed by main highways.

Fig. 9.5.Projected number of cumulative numbers of COVID-related hospitalizations (top) and deaths (bottom) in Ohio assuming no change in the intensity of the March 2020 social distancing intervention (orange line), 20 percent reduction (grey line), 50 percent reduction (yellow line), and 70 percent reduction of the intervention (blue line).

Fig. 9.6.Projection of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the intensive care unit (ICU) beds available (panel maps on the left) and cumulative number of COVID-related deaths (panel maps on the right) under different scenarios of relaxation of the March 2020 social distancing interventions in Ohio.

Fig. 9.7.Spatial distribution of the cumulative number of COVID-19-related deaths (left) and COVID-19-related mortality risk (right) in Ohio from March 1 to May 5, 2020. A mortality risk > 1 indicates a higher risk of COVID-19-related death than expected based on the state average.

Fig. 9.8.Bivariate map of COVID-19-related mortality risk and intensive care unit (ICU) availability in Ohio from March 1 to May 5, 2020.

Fig. 9.9.Bivariate map comparing COVID-19 incidence rates in both periods. The first time period was from April 1 to May 31, 2020. The second time period was from June 1 to July 31, 2020. Incidence rates were categorized in quantiles; dark green indicates counties with the highest incidence rate in the first period, whereas dark purple indicates counties with the highest incidence in the second period. Counties in black had high incidence rates in both periods.

Fig. 9.10.Bivariate map comparing COVID-19 mortality rates in both periods. The first time period was from April 1 to May 31, 2020. The second time period was from June 1 to July 31, 2020. Dark green indicates counties with the highest mortality rate in the first period, whereas dark purple indicates counties with the highest mortality in the second period. Counties in black had high mortality rates in both periods. States outlined in red are in the higher incidence rate group.

Fig. 9.11.Map on the top illustrates the distribution of the urban (blue) and rural (yellow) counties in Ohio. Map on the bottom illustrates a bivariate map comparing incidence rates of COVID-19 in both periods. The first time period was from April 1 to May 31, 2020. The second time period was from June 1 to July 31, 2020. Dark blue indicates counties with the highest incidence rate in the first period, whereas dark pink indicates counties with the highest mortality in the second period. Counties in dark purple had high incidence rates in both periods. Counties outlined in red are urban counties.

Fig. 9.12.Vaccination rate per county in Ohio as for June 2021. Counties outlined in red are urban counties.

Fig. 13.1.Campbell 2021.

Fig. 13.2.Campbell 2021.