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The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
Terry Martin
In The Affirmative Action Empire, Terry Martin provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet Union's effort to manage questions of nationality as a multiethnic state. Drawing from newly available archival sources, Martin traces the conflicts and tensions created by the geographic definition of national territories, the establishment of dozens of official national languages, and the world's first mass "affirmative action" programs. Martin examines the contradictions inherent in the Soviet nationality policy, which sought simultaneously to foster the growth of national consciousness among its minority populations while dictating the exact content of their cultures; to sponsor national liberation movements in neighboring countries, while eliminating all foreign influence on the Soviet Union's many diaspora nationalities. Martin explores the political logic of Stalin's policies as he responded to a perceived threat to Soviet unity in the 1930s by re-establishing the Russians as the state's leading nationality and deporting numerous "enemy nations."
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List of Tables and Maps
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Acknowledgments
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Footnote Abbreviations
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A Note on Style
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1. The Soviet Affirmative Action Empire
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The Logic of the Affirmative Action Empire
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The Content of the Affirmative Action Empire
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An Affirmative Action Empire
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The Party and the Affirmative Action Empire
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The Geography of the Affirmative Action Empire
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The Chronology of the Affirmative Action Empire
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PART ONE Implementing the Affirmative Action Empire
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2. Borders and Ethnic Conflict
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The Emergence of National Soviets in Ukraine
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National Soviets in Belorussia and the RSFSR
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National Soviets and Ethnic Conflict in the Soviet East
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Conclusion
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3. Linguistic Ukrainization, 1923–1932
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The Background to Ukrainization, 1919–1923
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Ukrainization, 1923–1925
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Kaganovich’s Ukrainization, April 1925–June 1926
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The Failure of Comprehensive Ukrainization, 1926–1932
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Conclusion
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4. Affirmative Action in the Soviet East, 1923–1932
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East and West
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The Cultural Fund
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Mechanical Korenizatsiia, 1923 to 1926
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Functional Korenizatsiia, 1926 to 1928
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Affirmative Action and Ethnic Conflict in the Industrial Work Place
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Cultural Revolution and Korenizatsiia in the Soviet East
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Conclusion: Korenizatsiia in East and West
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5. The Latinization Campaign and the Symbolic Politics of National Identity
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The Latinization Campaign
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Latinization as Derussification
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Language and Terror in the Soviet West
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PART TWO The Political Crisis of the Affirmative Action Empire
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6. The Politics of National Communism, 1923–1930
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The Shumskyi Affair
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Nationality and the Left Opposition
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The Socialist Offensive and Cultural Revolution
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The Cultural Revolutionary Show Trial in Ukraine
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Terror as a System of Signaling
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Terror and Policy Reversal in Belorussia
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Conclusion
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7. The National Interpretation of the 1933 Famine
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The Piedmont Principle and Soviet Border Disputes
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The Ukrainian Question in the RSFSR
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The Kuban Affair
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The National Interpretation of the Grain Requisitions Crisis
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Conclusion: The Aftermath of the December 1932 Politburo Decrees
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PART THREE Revising the Affirmative Action Empire
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8. Ethnic Cleansing and Enemy Nations
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The Border Regions
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The Politics of Immigration
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Collectivization and Emigration
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The Ukrainian Crisis
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Ethnic Cleansing
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Enemy Nations
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Conclusion
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9. The Revised Soviet Nationalities Policy, 1933–1939
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The Skrypnyk Affair
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The Greatest-Danger Principle
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Ukrainization after the Skrypnyk Affair
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Silent Korenizatsiia in the Soviet East
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Conclusion
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10. The Reemergence of the Russians
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The Awkward Republic: The RSFSR
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The Internationalization of the RSFSR
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The Russification of the RSFSR
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Script Russification and the Symbolic Politics of the Great Retreat
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Language and the Great Terror
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Conclusion
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11. The Friendship of the Peoples
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The Brotherhood of the Peoples
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The Friendship of the Peoples
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Stalinist Primordialism
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The First among Equals
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Conclusion
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Glossary
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Bibliography
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Citable Link
Published: 2001
Publisher: Cornell University Press
- 978-1-5017-1331-6 (ebook)
- 978-0-8014-8677-7 (paper)