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'Out of Africa': An investigation into the earliest occupation of the Old World
Marco Langbroek
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In this work, the author aims to arrive at a meaningful frame of reference for the earliest occupation of Eurasia. The basis for this endeavour, and the subject of the first part of this study, is a solid chronology of occupation founded on a critical assessment of the evidence. This chronology is then compared to that of various events in and aspects of the evolution of global and regional climates and ecologies, as well as various events in and aspects of hominin evolution itself. Archaeological and biological clues to changing behaviour in Africa and Eurasia over the timespan of 2.5-0.3 Ma are assessed against the background of changing climate and environments in the second part of this work. These form the background against which an attempt is made to provide a context of behavioural and cognitive evolution leading to these earliest colonizations. The primary goal of this discussion of the earliest occupation of Eurasia therefore is not to present the earliest dates with as many dots as possible in remote corners of the World map: the primary goal is to understand how, because of which factors of change, these dots appeared
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Part I:Claims for early occupations of Eurasia before 1.4 Ma19
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Bibliography109
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Preface
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Brief history of this monograph
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Acknowledgments
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Introductory chapter
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Pithecanthropus erectus, eine
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menschenaehnliche uebergangsform
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aus Java, by Eugène Dubois, 1894
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List of criteria
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Acheulean and ‘mode 1’: introducing the ‘Movius l
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Uniformity and changing character of the Acheulean
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Time scales, inference problems and accomodating short-term variability
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A note on “savanna’s”
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Spatio-temporal gaps in the archaeological record
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Chimps, tools and ancestors: under the hood of Pa
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Sangiran chronostratigraphy (2): 40Ar/39Ar ages by Larick et al.
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Mojokerto
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Longgupo
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Yuanmou
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The dating arguments
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The recovered lithics
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A dilemma of interpretation
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The Pabbi Hills
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‘Ubeidiya
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‘Ubeidiya in its Middle Eastern context
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Dmanisi
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Part II
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Baise: an early ‘Acheulean’ occurrence at the Bru
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Monte Poggiolo
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The Ceprano skullcap
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When was Europe first occupied?
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Part III
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Chapter 3.1 Inside Africa
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C3 and C4 grasslands, edaphic and secondary grasslands
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The emergence of the African savanna
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Emergence of the secondary savanna
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Savanna development and hominin evolution and biogeography
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Scavenging ecologies of the savannas
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Forging a link between African early Acheulean sites and scavenging in a secondary grassland environment
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Developed Oldowan
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Contrasting Developed Oldowan and Acheulean
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Implications with regard to behaviour and cognition
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Seasonal resource exploitation and variability selection
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Chapter 3.2 Out of Africa 1 and the Movius Line enigma
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As outlined in the previous chapter, hominins changed subsistence strategies and developed a tolerance of more seasonal environments following the emergence of the dry and more seasonal secondary grasslands in Africa after 1.7 Ma ago. Inside the African/
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Chapter 4.1 Geographical developments in the spreading of Acheulean technology, 0.9-0.5 Ma ago
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A new ‘Movius line’
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Re-enter the ‘Movius line’
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Non-handaxe context
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A palimpsest of activities
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A comparison to the African Early Acheulean and Developed Oldowan
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Part V
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Chapter 5 concluding synthesis and summary
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Factors behind ‘Out of Africa 1’
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‘Out of Africa 2’
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Turner’s hypothesis: carnivore guilds and scaveng
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Hunting as a key behaviour
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A new ‘Movius line’?
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Concluding summary
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Part VI
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Appendix and bibliography
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Impacts and evolution
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A significant asteroid/comet impact at 0.8 Ma
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The formation of the Australasian strewnfield
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Strength and direct effects of the 0.8 Ma Australasian impact on southeast Asia
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Airblast and wildfire damage
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Presence of hominins at the time of impact
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Significant effects?
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Bibliography
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright
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Dedication
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Contents
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Preface
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Introductory chapter
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Part I: Claims for early occupations of Eurasia before 1.4 Ma
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1.1: On the age of the Sangiran and Mojokerto (Java, Indonesia) hominin fossil bearing sediments
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1.2: On Longgupo Cave and Yuanmou, China
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1.3: On Riwat and the Pabbi Hills (Pakistan): a dilemma of interpretation
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1.4: On 'Ubeidiya (Israel) and Dmanisi (Georgia)
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1.5: Ain Hanech (North Africa)
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1.6: On the Orce basin (Spain)
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Part II: Claims for early occupations of Eurasia between 1.4-0.5 Ma
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2.1: The Far East: China and central Asia
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2.2: Southeast Asia
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2.3: Western Eurasia: Southern Europe
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Chapter 2.4: Summary of parts I and II: when did the first ‘Out of Africa’ happen?
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Part III: The roots of ‘Out of Africa I’; Africa before 1 Ma, the source area
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Chapter 3.1: Inside Africa
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Chapter 3.2: Out of Africa 1 and the Movius Line enigma
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Part IV: Breaching the “Movius line’ and re-establishing it, and the structure of the earliest Acheulean of Europe
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Chapter 4.1: Geographical developments in the spreading of Acheulean technology, 0.9-0.5 Ma ago
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Chapter 4.2: A Veil of Handaxes: a ‘scatters and patches’ approach to the Acheulean landscape at Boxgrove, Sussex, and beyond
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Part V: Synthesis and concluding remarks
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Chapter 5: concluding synthesis and summary
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Part VI: Appendix and bibliography
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Appendix 1
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Bibliography
Citable Link
Published: 2004
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781841716046 (paperback)
- 9781407326603 (ebook)
BAR Number: S1244