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  2. Imagined orphans: poor families, child welfare, and contested citizenship in London

Imagined orphans: poor families, child welfare, and contested citizenship in London

Lydia Murdoch 2007 © Rutgers University Press
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ISBN(s)
  • 9780813537221 (hardcover)
  • 9780813538235 (ebook)
Subject
  • European: 1400-1800
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  • Table of Contents

  • Resources

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  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright and Permissions
  • List of Illustrations
    • Figures
    • Tables
  • Dedication
  • Acknowledgments
  • Introduction
  • Chapter 1 "A Little Waif of London, Rescued from the Streets" Melodrama and Popular Representations of Poor Children
    • Intro
    • Melodrama and Victorian Child Philanthropy
    • Domestic Identity and Child Exploitation
    • The London "Street Arab"
    • The Religious and Civic Conversion Experience
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 2 From Barrack Schools to Family Cottages Creating Domestic Space and Civic Identity for Poor Children
    • Intro
    • The Undomestic Poor
    • The "Ins and Outs" and Institutional Classification
    • The Female Critique of Barrack Schools
    • "Unfeminine" Masses: Gender, Citizenship, and Individualization
    • Family Cottages and Model Village Homes
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 3 The Parents of "Nobody's Children" Family Backgrounds and the Causes of Poverty
    • Intro
    • Institutional Records as Sources
    • Family Backgrounds
    • Unstable Lives
      • Introduction
      • Abuse and Neglect
      • Housing
      • Death, Illness, and Unemployment
      • Life-Cycle Stresses
      • Unruly Children
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 4 "That Most Delicate of All Questions in an Englishman's Mind" The Rights of Parents and Their Continued Contact with Institutionalized Children
    • Intro
    • Temporary versus Long-Term Institutionalization
      • Introduction
      • Metropolitan Poor Law Institutions
      • Barnardo's Institutions
      • "Absconding"
    • Visits between Parents and Children
    • Parental Supervision of Institutionalized Children
      • Introduction
      • Medical Supervision
      • Complaints of Abuse
      • Religious Instruction
    • Custody Conflicts and the Rights of Poor Parents
    • Parent-Child Relations after Institutionalization
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 5 Training "Street Arabs" into British Citizens Making Artisans and Members of Empire
    • Intro
    • Work, Discipline, and the Artisan Ideal of Citizenship
    • Imperial Citizenship
    • The Employment of Youths from London Poor Law Schools
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 6 "Their Charge and Ours" Changing Notions of Child Welfare and Citizenship
    • Intro
    • War and Child Welfare Institutions
    • From "Nobody's Children" to "Somebody's Bairns"
    • Wartime Disruptions
    • Conclusion
  • Conclusion
  • Notes
    • Abbreviations
    • No head in print version
    • Chapter 1 "A Little Waif of London, Rescued from the Streets"
    • Chapter 2 From Barrack Schools to Family Cottages
    • Chapter 3 The Parents of "Nobody's Children"
    • Chapter 4 "That Most Delicate of All Questions in an Englishman's Mind"
    • Chapter 5 Training "Street Arabs" into British Citizens
    • Chapter 6 "Their Charge and Ours"
    • Conclusion
  • Bibliography
    • Special Collections and Archives
    • Parliamentary Papers
    • Periodicals
    • Published Primary Sources
    • Secondary Sources
  • Index
  • About the Author

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Courtesy of Vassar College Library.

A Punch cartoon from 1843 (vol. 4, p. 46) critiquing the New Poor Law of 1834, particularly the separation of parents and children within workhouses.

Figure 1. A Punch cartoon from 1843 (vol. 4, p. 46) critiquing the New Poor Law of 1834, particularly the separation of parents and children within workhouses.

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (Admission Album 1/1, 16).

Florence Holder posed as a newspaper seller in the streets (June 1874).

Figure 2. Florence Holder posed as a newspaper seller in the streets (June 1874).

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (Admission Album 1/1, 18).

Florence Holder as a servant (August 5, 1874).

Figure 3. Florence Holder as a servant (August 5, 1874).

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (Admission Album 1/1, 22).

The two younger Holder girls (June 1874).

Figure 4. The two younger Holder girls (June 1874).

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (ARC0108/D425).

"'Lost!' Alone in the streets of London" (1871). Barnardo's version of O. G. Rejlander's "Poor Jo" (ca. 1860).

Figure 5. "'Lost!' Alone in the streets of London" (1871). Barnardo's version of O. G. Rejlander's "Poor Jo" (ca. 1860).

Courtesy of Barnardo's and the University of Liverpool Library Special Collections and Archives (D239/A3/1/7).

A Barnardo contrast printed in his annual report for 1874-75. Based on earlier photographs, the drawings document a boy's condition before and after being rescued. The boy, Samuel Reed, later testified that Barnardo pressured him to smile for the photograph.

Figure 6. A Barnardo contrast printed in his annual report for 1874-75. Based on earlier photographs, the drawings document a boy's condition before and after being rescued. The boy, Samuel Reed, later testified that Barnardo pressured him to smile for the photograph.

Courtesy of Barnardo's and the University of Liverpool Library Special Collections and Archives.

In this drawing based on photographs the artist accentuated the boy's physiognomic as well as moral transformation by switching from a mug-shot format to a portrait style. Published in Night and Day (February 1896): 9.

Figure 7. In this drawing based on photographs the artist accentuated the boy's physiognomic as well as moral transformation by switching from a mug-shot format to a portrait style. Published in Night and Day (February 1896): 9.

Courtesy of Barnardo's and the University of Liverpool Library Special Collections and Archives.

An anthropological-style drawing of boys attending one of Barnardo's tea meetings. Published in Night and Day (June 1887): 4.

Figure 8. An anthropological-style drawing of boys attending one of Barnardo's tea meetings. Published in Night and Day (June 1887): 4.

By permission of the British Library (PR.1103cc).

The cover of Night and Day (December 1881), displaying the imperial influences on Barnardo's work.

Figure 9. The cover of Night and Day (December 1881), displaying the imperial influences on Barnardo's work.

Courtesy of Barnardo's and the University of Liverpool Library Special Collections and Archives.

"Little Mary." Based on a photograph, this drawing presented poor children as a race separate from the majority of the English population. Published in Night and Day (February/March 1881): 25.

Figure 10. "Little Mary." Based on a photograph, this drawing presented poor children as a race separate from the majority of the English population. Published in Night and Day (February/March 1881): 25.

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (ARC0239-0240).

"Once a Little Vagrant" and "Now a Little Workman." One of Barnardo's before-and-after contrasts, implying the boy's transformation into a productive worker.

Figure 11. "Once a Little Vagrant" and "Now a Little Workman." One of Barnardo's before-and-after contrasts, implying the boy's transformation into a productive worker.

Figure 12.

Figure 12.

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Figure 13.

Figure 13.

Figure 14.

Figure 14.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Figure 15.

Figure 15.

Courtesy of Barnardo's and the University of Liverpool Library Special Collections and Archives.

"The Thirty-first Annual Meeting of Dr. Barnardo's Homes" (Night and Day [November 1897]: 43). In the 1880s, Barnardo's began holding theatrical fund-raising events in which children performed on stage.

Figure 16. "The Thirty-first Annual Meeting of Dr. Barnardo's Homes" (Night and Day [November 1897]: 43). In the 1880s, Barnardo's began holding theatrical fund-raising events in which children performed on stage.

Courtesy of Barnardo's Photographic and Film Archive (ARC0199).

An overview of Barnardo's Girls' Village Home in Ilford, Essex (1877), which served as a model for children's institutions organized into cottage homes.

Figure 17. An overview of Barnardo's Girls' Village Home in Ilford, Essex (1877), which served as a model for children's institutions organized into cottage homes.

Courtesy of Corporation of London, London Metropolitan Archives.

The lavatory of the North Surrey District School (ca. 1908). A typical and, to some, disturbing image of a district school. Short History of the North Surrey District School (n.p., ca. 1908), p. 33.

Figure 18. The lavatory of the North Surrey District School (ca. 1908). A typical and, to some, disturbing image of a district school. Short History of the North Surrey District School (n.p., ca. 1908), p. 33.

Courtesy of Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

H. Saxon Snell's design for the Kensington and Chelsea District School main building, which included separate wards for casual and long-term inmates as well as separate school rooms and play areas for boys and girls. Marking a shift away from large barrack school designs, the school was eventually built as a model village designed by the architects A. & C. Harston with individual cottage homes for boys and girls. (Saxon Snell, Charitable and Parochial Establishments (London: B. T. Batsford, 1881), plate between 40 and 41.

Figure 19. H. Saxon Snell's design for the Kensington and Chelsea District School main building, which included separate wards for casual and long-term inmates as well as separate school rooms and play areas for boys and girls. Marking a shift away from large barrack school designs, the school was eventually built as a model village designed by the architects A. & C. Harston with individual cottage homes for boys and girls. (Saxon Snell, Charitable and Parochial Establishments (London: B. T. Batsford, 1881), plate between 40 and 41.

Courtesy of Corporation of London, London Metropolitan Archives.

"A Sketch Map of the Metropolitan Poor Law Schools," illustrating how most schools were miles from central London. From Walter Monnington and Frederick J. Lampard, Our London Poor Law Schools (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1898).

Figure 20. "A Sketch Map of the Metropolitan Poor Law Schools," illustrating how most schools were miles from central London. From Walter Monnington and Frederick J. Lampard, Our London Poor Law Schools (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1898).

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Reviews
Journal AbbreviationLabelURL
VS 50.1 (2007): 112-114 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/victorian_studies/v050/50.1peters.html
Related Titles
HEB IdTitleAuthorsPublication Information
Friends of the Family: The English Home and Its Guardians, 1850-1940. Behlmer, George. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. Brooks, Peter. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976.
Workhouse Children: Infant and Child Paupers under the Worcestershire Poor Law, 1790-1871. Crompton, Frank. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 1997.
Melodramatic Tactics: Theatricalized Dissent in the English Marketplace, 1800-1885. Hadley, Elaine. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
heb04963.0001.001 Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London. Koven, Seth. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948. Lees, Lynn Hollen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada, 1869-1924. Parr, Joy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
Barnardo. Wagner, Gillian. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1979.
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