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Marginal People in Deviant Places: Ethnography, Difference, and the Challenge to Scientific Racism
Marginal People in Deviant Places revisits early- to mid-twentieth-century ethnographic studies, arguing that their focus on marginal subcultures—ranging from American hobos, to men who have sex with other men in St. Louis bathrooms, to hippies, to taxi dancers in Chicago, to elderly Jews in Venice, California—helped produce new ways of thinking about social difference more broadly in the United States. Irvine demonstrates how the social scientists who told the stories of these marginalized groups represented an early challenge to then-dominant narratives of scientific racism, prefiguring the academic fields of gender, ethnic, sexuality, and queer studies in key ways. In recounting the social histories of certain American outsiders, Irvine identifies an American paradox by which social differences are both despised and desired, and she describes the rise of an outsider capitalism that integrates difference into American society by marketing it.
Fig. 114. Draft cover page of Laud Humphreys’s dissertation, showing revisions in his title and indicating his support by the National Institute of Mental Health. Courtesy of ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries.
Fig. 117. Laud Humphreys’s 1968 diary, describing his meeting with sexologist William Masters on February 29, in which they discussed sexual health issues, Humphreys’s research methods, and measures by which he could protect confidentiality. Courtesy of ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries.
Fig. 118. Systematic Observation Sheet developed and employed by Laud Humphreys in recording tearoom encounters. The forms allowed the recording of a wide range of information, including the weather, the number of people in the park, the time, and the sexual activities that unfolded. Courtesy of ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries.
Fig. 127. The physical altercation between Laud Humphreys and Alvin Gouldner was covered by the New York Times, headlined, “Sociology Professor Accused of Beating Student.” June 9, 1968.
Fig. 128. Laud Humphreys’s diary entries from May 20–21, 1968, in which he described Alvin Gouldner entering his office and hitting him repeatedly, after which he went to the emergency room for treatment of his injuries. Courtesy of ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives at the USC Libraries.
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