Example 4.1. Mahmoud al-Rashidi, “Raqs Fahala,” probably made before 1911 (Baida Records 272A). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clIZ1J8nanA

Example 4.2. Excerpt from "Polka Wiewórka" (Squirrel Polka), with Stanisław Kosiba, clarinet (Victor 80475, 1927). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDyI0WV6gEk

Fig. 4.1. Postcard photograph of Percy Grainger and Evald Tang Kristensen recording Danish folk singer Jens Christian Jensen, 1922. Photographer unknown. Grainger Museum Collection, University of Melbourne, 2017/41-1/34. Reproduced by kind permission of the Estate of George Percy Grainger.

Fig. 4.2. Grainger’s detailed transcription of “The White Hare,” sung by Joseph Taylor. From “Songs Collected by Percy Grainger,” Journal of the Folk-Song Society 3, no. 12 (May 1908): 189–90.

Example 4.3. Excerpt from "The White Hare," sung by Joseph Taylor. Recorded by Grainger on July 9, 1908. Voice of the People, vol. 18 (Topic Records, 1998).

Fig. 4.3. The Sikvayugak brothers perform as Laura Boulton makes a recording. Courtesy of the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University.

Example 4.5. Excerpt from "The Sheik of Araby," performed by Sidney Bechet's One Man Band (Victor 27485-A, 1941). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbT3m9JcOIw

Example 4.6. Halim El-Dabh, “Ta’bir al-Zar” (“The Expression of Zar”). Excerpt under the title “Wire Recorder Piece” on Crossing into the Electric Magnetic (Halim El-Dabh Records, LLC, 2001). Reproduced by kind permission of Deborah El-Dabh.

Example 4.7 Pierre Schaeffer, excerpt from “Étude pathétique” from Études de bruit, from the album Panorama of Musique Concrète (1948-55) (London: Ducretet-Thomson Records, 1955). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTf0yE15zzI, track 5.

Example 4.10. Excerpt from The Black Madonna’s set at Lente Kabinet Festival, 2017. Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/dkmntl/the-black-madonna-at-lente-kabinet-festival-2017

Example 4.11. Excerpt from Mystère des Voix Bulgares/Angelite, “Guro is Looking for a Bride.” A Cathedral Concert (Verve World 314 510 794-4, 1988). See also Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbYCOLhA5GE

Fig. 4.4. Album cover of From Bulgaria with Love, by Mystère des Voix Bulgares. The folk costumes are a ubiquitous part of the choir’s presentation; the gun indicates their origin in a Communist country, which would have been regarded as unsafe and unfree by Western European and US audiences.

Example 4.14. Excerpt from Angelite with Huun Huur Tu and the Moscow Art Trio, “Legend.” Fly, Fly, My Sadness (Jaro Records, 1997). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0YKDFq_4Uc

Example 4.15. Excerpt from Angelite with Huun Huur Tu and the Moscow Art Trio, “Lonely Bird.” Fly, Fly, My Sadness (Jaro Records, 1997). Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PcPm7nyZxOA