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The genesis of Napoleonic propaganda, 1796 to 1799

Wayne Hanley 2008, c2002 © Columbia University Press
"Although other historical figures had manipulated various media for political gain, Napoleon Bonaparte was the first non-monarch in the modern era to realize the limitless possibilities of propaganda ... gives insight into Napoleon's meteoric rise to prominence and enhances our understanding of his more mature and elaborate use of propaganda during the Empire."--Preface.
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  • Gutenberg-e
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  • 9780231503679 (E-Book)
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  • European: 1400-1800
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Table of Contents

  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright and Permissions
  • List of Illustrations
  • Acknowledgments
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Introduction
  • Chapter 2 Bonaparte's Dispatches and the Press
    • Introduction
    • Literacy, Newspaper Readership, and Propaganda
      • [Intro]
      • Literacy in Revolutionary France
      • The Characteristics of Propaganda
    • The Rhetorical Style of Napoleon Bonaparte
      • Active vs. Passive Voice
      • Use of First Person
      • Use of Positive Imagery
      • Use of Hyperbole
      • Contemporary Opinions of Bonaparte's Style
      • Napoleon's Literary Education
    • The Nature of Bonaparte's Dispatches
      • Bonaparte's Domination of Press Coverage
      • The Birth of Bonaparte's Political Ambitions
      • The Politicization of Napoleonic Correspondence
      • The Strategic Use of Dispatches
      • Use of Dispatches for Morale-Building
      • The Timing of Dispatches
    • Press Coverage of Bonaparte in Egypt
      • [Intro]
      • Rumors of Bonaparte's Destination
      • Naval Disaster and Bonaparte's Success
      • Speculation about Bonaparte's Activities
      • Bonaparte's Return from Egypt
    • Bonaparte's Lack of Control Over Press Releases
      • [Intro]
  • Chapter 3 For Morale or Propaganda? The Newspapers of Bonaparte
    • A Need For His Own Press
    • The Journal de Bonaparte et des Hommes Vertuex
      • [Intro]
      • The Format and Content of the Journal
      • The Weaknesses of the Journal
    • The Courrier de l'Armée d'Italie
      • The Transformation of the Army of Italy
      • The Birth of the Courrier de l'Armée d'Italie
      • The Role of Marc-Antoine Jullien
      • The Characteristics of the Courrier
    • Bonaparte, The Club Clichy, and The Coup d'État of 18 Fructidor
      • Bonaparte's Articles
      • The Courrier as Morale-Builder
      • The Club Clichy and the Royalist Threat
      • Bonaparte's Response to the Club Clichy
      • The Role of Censorship
      • The Coup d'État of 18 Fructidor
    • The Courrier de l'Armée d'Italie as Morale-Builder
      • [Intro]
      • The Courrier as Diplomatic Weapon
      • The Long-Term Political Impact of the Courrier
    • La France Vue de l'Armée d'Italie
      • [Intro]
      • The Role of Regnault de Saint-Jean d'Angély
      • The Politics of La France
      • The Audience of La France
    • The Journal de Malte
      • [Intro]
      • The Characteristics of the Journal de Malte
    • The Courier de l'Égypte
      • [Intro]
      • The Characteristics of the Courier de l'Égypte
      • Coverage of Events in Egypt
    • La Décade Égyptienne
      • The Characteristics of La Décade Égyptienne
      • Changing Editors
      • Propagandistic Effects
    • The Impact of Bonaparte's Newspapers
  • Chapter 4 Art as Bonaparte's Tool of Propaganda
    • Courting the Idéologues
      • [Intro]
      • The Idéologues and the Directory
    • Bonaparte and the Confiscation of Italian Art
      • [Intro]
      • Italian Treaties and the Arts
      • Bonaparte's Role in the Confiscation of the Arts
    • Art Confiscations and the Press
      • [Intro]
      • The Triumphal Entry of the Arts into Paris
      • The Association of Bonaparte with the Arts
    • Bonaparte and the Savants
      • [Intro]
      • Bonaparte and Italian Men of Letters
      • Bonaparte and the Members of the Commission
      • General-in-Chief and Member of the Institute
    • Bonaparte and the Recruitment of Artists
      • [Intro]
      • Andrea Appiani
      • Antoine-Jean Gros
      • Antonio Canova
      • Jacques-Louis David
    • The Popularization of Bonaparte's Image
  • Chapter 5 The Medals of General Bonaparte
    • The Nature of Revolutionary-Era Medals
      • Introduction
      • Revolutionary-Era Medals
      • Bonaparte and Romanticism
    • The "Five Battles" Series
      • Introduction to the Series
      • The Millesimo-Dego Medal
      • The Hercules Motif
      • The Po-Adda-Minico Medal
      • The Battle of Lodi
      • The Bridge Motif
      • The Castiglione-Peschiera Medal
      • The Mantua Medal
      • The Siege of Mantua
      • The Tagliamento-Trieste Medal
    • The Proliferation of Bonapartist Medals
      • Popular Medals
      • The Ingresso de' Franchesi Medal
      • The Lienard Medal and Its Variants
      • Manfredini's "Cisalpina" Medal
      • The All' Italico Medal
      • The Duvivier Medal
      • The Impact of Bonapartist Medals
  • Chapter 6 Bonaparte, the Press, and "Passive" Propaganda
    • The Nature of "Passive" Propaganda
    • The Role of the Press in "Passive" Propaganda
      • [Intro]
      • Bonaparte's Celebrity
      • Fêting Bonaparte
      • Celebrity and Bonaparte's Family
    • The General You Never Knew: Popular Biographies of Bonaparte
      • [Intro]
      • Anecdotal and Apocryphal Tales
    • The Versification of Napoleon Bonaparte
    • The Hero Returns from Egypt
      • [Intro]
      • Public Jubilation
      • Calculated Public Appearances
  • Afterword the Coup d'État of 18-19 Brumaire
  • Appendix: Correspondence
    • Transcription and Translation of a Previously Uncollected Letter of Napoleon Bonaparte
    • Correspondence #1-999
    • Correspondence #1000-1999
    • Correspondence #2000-2999
    • Correspondence #3000-3999
    • Correspondence #4000-4999
  • Archive Images
    • Army Comparison Graph
    • Chapter 4: Art as Bonaparte's Tool of Propaganda The Arena in Verona
    • Chapter 4: Art as Bonaparte's Tool of Propaganda The Battle of Lodi
    • Chapter 4: Art as Bonaparte's Tool of Propaganda The Battle of Arcole
    • Chapter 5: The Medals of General Bonaparte The Treaty of Campo Formio
    • Chapter 5: The Medals of General Bonaparte The Egyptian Campaign
    • Chapter 5: The Medals of General Bonaparte Popular Medals
  • Notes
    • Chapter 1 Introduction
    • Chapter 2 Bonaparte's Dispatches and the Press
    • Chapter 3 For Morale or Propaganda? The Newspapers of Bonaparte
    • Chapter 4 Art as Bonaparte's Tool of Propaganda
    • Chapter 5 The Medals of General Bonaparte
    • Chapter 6 Bonaparte, the Press, and "Passive" Propaganda
    • Afterword the Coup d'État of 18-19 Brumaire
    • Appendix: Correspondence
  • Bibliography
    • Primary Sources
      • Manuscripts
      • Newspapers
      • Printed Primary Source Materials
      • Printed Editions of Primary Source Materials
    • Secondary Works
  • Web Resources by Chapter
    • Chapter 2
    • Chapter 3
    • Chapter 4
    • Chapter 5
    • Chapter 6
    • Afterword
  • Additional Web Resources
  • About the Author

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Source: Volume 50, number 6818, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 50, number 6818, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

Pierre Michel Alix, Le Général Buonaparte(after Andrea Appiani), engraving, 1798. Source: Volume 50, number 6818, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

The Bridge at Lodi from the Austrian Positions (photo by author). Today a modern bridge has replace the one made famous by Bonaparte's 1796 victory.

The Bridge at Lodi from the Austrian Positions (photo by author). Today a modern bridge has replace the one made famous by Bonaparte's 1796 victory.

The Bridge at Lodi from the Austrian Positions (photo by author). Today a modern bridge has replace the one made famous by Bonaparte's 1796 victory.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 78.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 78.

Charles Lavy, Reddition de Mantoue, medal, 1797. Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 78.

Figure 1. A Comparison of newspaper coverage in Nouvelles Politiques for selected armies between 1 vendémaire, an 5 (22 September 1796) and 10 ventôse, an 5 (19 March 1997).

Figure 1. A Comparison of newspaper coverage in Nouvelles Politiques for selected armies between 1 vendémaire, an 5 (22 September 1796) and 10 ventôse, an 5 (19 March 1997).

Figure 1. A Comparison of newspaper coverage in Nouvelles Politiques for selected armies between 1 vendémaire, an 5 (22 September 1796) and 10 ventôse, an 5 (19 March 1997).

Source: Volume 50, number 6866, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 50, number 6866, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Carle Vernet, Revolte de Pavie, engraving, 1799. Source: Volume 50, number 6866, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

The Arena in Verona at Night (photo by author). At the time of this photograph (August 2001), evening performances during Verona's opera season were held in this first-century amphitheater.

The Arena in Verona at Night (photo by author). At the time of this photograph (August 2001), evening performances during Verona's opera season were held in this first-century amphitheater.

The Arena in Verona at Night (photo by author). At the time of this photograph (August 2001), evening performances during Verona's opera season were held in this first-century amphitheater.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plates 76, 81, and 83.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plates 76, 81, and 83.

Selection of Minor Medals from 1796 and 1797. Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plates 76, 81, and 83.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 79.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 79.

P.-G. Lienard, Le General Buonaparte, medal, 1797. Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 79.

View of Lodi from the French Positions across the Adda River (photo by author). Just to the right and behind the trees stands the modern bridge over the Adda, near the site of the historic bridge.

View of Lodi from the French Positions across the Adda River (photo by author). Just to the right and behind the trees stands the modern bridge over the Adda, near the site of the historic bridge.

View of Lodi from the French Positions across the Adda River (photo by author). Just to the right and behind the trees stands the modern bridge over the Adda, near the site of the historic bridge.

Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Journal de Bonaparte et des Hommes de Vertueux, Number 1, 1 Ventôse, an V (19 Février 1797). Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 81.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 81.

Benjamin Duvivier, Bonaparte General-en-chef de l'Armée Française en Italie, medal, 1797. Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 81.

Source: Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

Source: Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

Anon., Prise de l'Isle de Malthe, le 24 Prairial an 1798, engraving, 1798. Source: Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque National de France, Paris.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 74.

Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 74.

P.-G. Lienard, Le General Buonaparte, medal, 1796. Source: M. Hennin, Histoire numismatique de la Révolution Française, vol. 2 (Paris: J.S. Merlin, 1826), plate 74.

Source: Volume 50, number 6880, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 50, number 6880, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Guisseppi Longhi, Bonaparte à la bataille d'Arcole le 27 Brumaire an V (after Antoine-Jean Gros), engraving, 1799. Source: Volume 50, number 6880, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Detail of Outer Ring of the Arena in Verona (photo by author).

Detail of Outer Ring of the Arena in Verona (photo by author).

Detail of Outer Ring of the Arena in Verona (photo by author).

The Bridge at Arcole and 1810 Monument (photo by author). As can be seen from this photograph, the Alpone River itself is not a formidable obstacle, but the dikes on either side make it virtually impassable except by bridge, making this location strategically important during the Italian campaign.

The Bridge at Arcole and 1810 Monument (photo by author). As can be seen from this photograph, the Alpone River itself is not a formidable obstacle, but the dikes on either side make it virtually impassable except by bridge, making this location strategically important during the Italian campaign.

The Bridge at Arcole and 1810 Monument (photo by author). As can be seen from this photograph, the Alpone River itself is not a formidable obstacle, but the dikes on either side make it virtually impassable except by bridge, making this location strategically important during the Italian campaign.

A View of the Outer Ring Wall of the Arena in Verona (photo by author). That a portion of the outer wall survives today is due in part to Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Empire, Napoleon contrubuted 30,000 francs for the restoration of the amphitheater. A comemorative plaque acknowledges the emperor's generosity.

A View of the Outer Ring Wall of the Arena in Verona (photo by author). That a portion of the outer wall survives today is due in part to Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Empire, Napoleon contrubuted 30,000 francs for the restoration of the amphitheater. A comemorative plaque acknowledges the emperor's generosity.

A View of the Outer Ring Wall of the Arena in Verona (photo by author). That a portion of the outer wall survives today is due in part to Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Empire, Napoleon contrubuted 30,000 francs for the restoration of the amphitheater. A comemorative plaque acknowledges the emperor's generosity.

Source: Volume 50, number 6878, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibiothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 50, number 6878, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibiothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Thomas Charles Nodet, Passage du Pont d'Arcole par les Généraux Bonaparte et Augereau, engraving, 1796. Source: Volume 50, number 6878, Collection de Vinck, Salle des Estampes, Bibiothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

La Decade Égyptienne, Journal Littéraire et d'Économie Politique, Number 1, 1er trimestre, an 7. Source: Salle des Imprimés, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 140, number 12336, Collection de Hennin, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Source: Volume 140, number 12336, Collection de Hennin, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

Anon., Départ de Rome du Troisième convoi des statues et monumens des arts, engraving, 1798. Source: Volume 140, number 12336, Collection de Hennin, Salle des Estampes, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.

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Reviews

Reviews
Journal AbbreviationLabelURL
AHR 109.2 (Apr. 2004) http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.2/br_175.html
HFR 5.66 (June 2005) http://h-france.net/vol5reviews/crook4.html

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heb08352.0001.001 The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. Asprey, Robert. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2000.
Art in an Age of Bonapartism, 1800-1815. Boime, Albert. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Art in an Age of Revolution, 1750-1800. Boime, Albert. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Blundering to Glory: Napoleon’s Military Campaigns. Connelly, Owen. Scholarly Resources, 1987.
The Gamble: Bonaparte in Italy (1795-1797). Ferrero, Guglielmo. Walker Publishing, 1961.
The French Revolution, 1770-1814. Furet, François. Blackwell Publishing, 1996.
The Literary Culture of Napoleon. Healey, F. G. E. Droz, 1959.
Napoleonic Propaganda. Holtman, Robert. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950.
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution. Lyons, Martyn. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.
heb08361.0001.001 Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 1787-1799. Mason, Laura. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996.
The Right-Wing Press in France, 1792-1800. Popkin, Jeremy D. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980.
Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour. Tulard, Jean, and Teresa Waugh. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1984.

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