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A Categorisation of Ancient Egyptian Watercraft, from Predynastic Petroglyphs to the Khufu Boats
Michael Allen Stephens
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This book uniquely analyses Predynastic Egyptian boat petroglyphs, as well as surviving ship hulls and timbers. The research steps away from discussing petroglyphs as artistic styles and instead arranges the sources, from petroglyphs to physical hulls, by watercraft type. Attention is also given to the brick or rock-cut boats of the Early Dynastic Period. The analysis of boat burials considers the means for the construction of these interred watercraft. This includes the reinterpretation of older concepts, but with the incorporation of newer images; images that are not commonly cited as references for such work. Additionally, the examination of examples that can now be demonstrated as fake sheds new light on older interpretations.
The book highlights a number of different aspects of shipbuilding, incorporating the author’s own experimental practice. In particular, this focuses on replicating the channels cut into the timbers for lacing together the planking of the Third Dynasty hull from Abusir.
This book will be a valuable resource in the study of Ancient Egyptian petroglyphs and hull construction.
The book highlights a number of different aspects of shipbuilding, incorporating the author’s own experimental practice. In particular, this focuses on replicating the channels cut into the timbers for lacing together the planking of the Third Dynasty hull from Abusir.
This book will be a valuable resource in the study of Ancient Egyptian petroglyphs and hull construction.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Of Related Interest
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Contents
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List of Figures
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1. Aims and evidence
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1.1. Introduction
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1.2. Aim of the research
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1.3. Evidence
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2. Existing categorisations for Pre and Dynastic Egyptian ships and boats
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2.1. Background
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2.2. Petroglyphs
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2.3. Petrie’s pots
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2.4. Foliage and dating systems
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2.5. Hull profiles, features and forgeries
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2.5.1. Profiles
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2.5.2. Features of forgeries
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2.5.3. Forgeries of ceramic boats
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2.6. Some concepts on Naqadian dating
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2.7. Summary
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3. Proposed categorisations for Pre and Early Dynastic watercraft
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3.1. PED 1. The Sickle Boat
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3.1.1. Complexity
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3.1.2. Background
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3.1.3. Foliage as sails?
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3.1.4. Land based structures or watercraft?
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3.1.5. Naqada hunting scenes and unusual deckhouses
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3.1.6. A possible construction method for PED 1
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3.2. The boats of Tomb 100
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3.2.1. Background
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3.2.2. Tomb 100 hull types
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3.2.3. Black Boat the boat of Ra?
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3.2.4. Modifications to the Black Boat
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3.2.5. Constructional details and background
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3.2.6. PED1 watercraft without distinguishing features
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3.3. Were the PED 1 watercraft depictions of funerary objects?
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3.3.1. Funerary or religious?
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3.3.2. Orientation
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3.3.3. Funeral voyages?
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3.4. PED 2
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3.5. PED 3
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3.6. PED 4
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3.7. PED 5
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3.8. PED 6
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3.8.1. Characteristics and the Qustul Censer
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3.8.2. Item EA35324
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3.9. PED 7
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3.9.1. Characteristics
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3.9.2. Was a ceremonial seat present on deck?
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3.9.3. Boat from the Narmer palette
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3.10. PED 8
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3.10.1. Background
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3.10.2. Status
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3.10.3. Earlier representations of PED 8
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3.10.4. Some constructional details
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3.11. PED 9
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3.12. PED 10
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3.12.1. Characteristics
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3.12.2. Earlier usage of a Middle Kingdom watercraft?
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3.13. PED 11
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3.14. PED 12
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3.15. PED 13
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3.15.1. Background
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3.15.2. Boats from Tomb M25
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3.15.3. Boat from Mastaba XXVI
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3.16. PED 14
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3.17. PED 15
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3.18. PED 16
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3.18.1. Characteristics
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3.18.2. Timber or papyrus
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3.19. Unusual and non-categorised
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3.19.1. Golf Bag Boat
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3.19.2. Unusual boat of King Den
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3.19.3. The boats of the Gebelein Cloth
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3.19.4. Thimble Ended Boat
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3.19.5. Cargo boat, with pointed bow and stern
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3.20. Papyrus and papyriform watercraft
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3.21. Papyrus or papyriform?
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3.22. PED 17, an additional Old Kingdom category
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3.22.1. Background
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3.22.2. Condition of the evidence
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3.22.3. Other examples
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3.22.4. Models
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3.22.5. PED 17 hogging truss
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3.22.6. Steering PED 17
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3.23. Summary
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4. Totems, finials, and figureheads
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4.1. Background
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4.2. Birds
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4.2.1. Bird standing on the bow
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4.2.2. Plovers
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4.3. Animal based figureheads?
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4.3.1. Sources
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4.3.2. Antelope headed
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4.3.3. Goat headed?
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4.4. Foliage
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4.4.1. Background
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4.4.2. Triangular
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4.4.3. Amorphous
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4.4.4. Horn or frond topped finial
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4.4.5. Palm fronds
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4.4.6. Horns, or trees?
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4.4.7. Headless
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4.4.8. Trefoil
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4.4.9. Finials and figureheads
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4.4.10. Construction and retention of figureheads
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4.4.11. Securing the Sahure figureheads to a Type V hull
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4.4.12. Identification by crew members with their watercraft
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4.4.13. Summary
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5. Masts and rigging
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5.1. Evidence
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5.2. Tripod and bipod mast
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5.3. Pole mast
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5.4. Stepping the pole mast
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5.5. Summary
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6. Steerage, rudders and sails
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6.1. Evidence
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6.2. Rudders and helmsmen
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6.3. Sails
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6.4. Summary
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7. Hull construction
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7.1. Background
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7.2. Abydos – Watercraft BG10
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7.2.1. Technical aspects
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7.2.2. The BG10 hull
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7.3. Abu Rawash – Watercraft M06
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7.3.1. Background
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7.3.2. The M06 hull
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7.3.3. Lashing channels and timber joints
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7.3.4. Hull shape of M06
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7.4. Abusir – Watercraft AS 54
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7.4.1. Background
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7.4.2. The AS 54 hull
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7.4.3. Achieving the structural integrity of AS 54
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7.4.4. Lacings or woven webbing?
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7.5. Boats of non-timber construction
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7.5.1. Background
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7.5.2. Purpose
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7.5.3. Replicate floor timbers
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7.5.4. Access by stairs
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7.5.5. Were timber boats interred in rock cut pits?
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7.5.6. Stone boats
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7.5.7. Brick boats
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7.6. Summary
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8. Paddling, rowing and towing
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8.1. Paddling
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8.2. Rowing
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8.2.1. Grommets
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8.2.2. Pivots and grommets
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8.3. Rowing technology aboard Khufu II
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8.3.1. Orientation
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8.3.2. Constructional elements affecting the rowing of Khufu II
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8.3.3. Oar spacing
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8.4. Bulwarks, brackets and knees aboard Khufu II
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8.5. Removeable bulwarks aboard Khufu II?
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8.6. Seats aboard Khufu II?
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8.7. Seats and side girders
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8.8. Towing
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8.9. Summary
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9. Deck structures
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9.1. Background
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9.2. ED Type A. (1)
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9.3. ED Type A. (2)
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9.4. ED Type A. (3)
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9.5. ED Type A. (4)
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9.6. ED Type B
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9.7. ED Type C
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9.8. ED Type D
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9.9. ED Type E
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9.10. ED Type F
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9.11. ED Type G
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9.12. ED Type G (a)
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9.13. ED Type G (b)
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9.14. Summary
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10. Khufu II
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10.1. Background
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10.2. Construction of the deckhouse panels
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10.3. The Baldachin
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10.3.1. Elements of the baldachin
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10.3.2. Timbers and assemblage of the baldachin
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10.3.3. Baldachin deck panels
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10.4. Deck curvature of Khufu II
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10.4.1. Effects of deck curvature
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10.4.2. Overcoming Khufu II’s deck curvature
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10.5. Structure of the Khufu II deckhouse
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10.5.1. Bulkheads and beams
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10.5.2. Level of recording and interpretation
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10.5.3. Variations in structure
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10.6. Structure of the bulkheads
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10.6.1. The forward bulkhead
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10.6.1.1. Structure
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10.6.2. Securing the forward bulkhead
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10.6.3. Discrepancies in the recorded literature
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10.6.4. Doors
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10.6.5. The partition bulkhead structure and doors
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10.6.6. Securing the partition bulkhead
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10.6.7. The aft bulkhead and doors
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10.7. Structure of the deckhouse roof
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10.8. Summary
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11. Conclusions
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Appendix A. A brief experiment
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Appendix B. Technical terminology
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Appendix C. Profiles of Reisner Types and ETH categories mentioned in this book
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Appendix D. Map of primary find sites
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Bibliography
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2024
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407361581 (ebook)
- 9781407361574 (paper)
BAR Number: S3182