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  2. The defender of peace: The Defensor pacis

The defender of peace: The Defensor pacis

of Padua Marsilius and Alan Gewirth 1967 © Columbia University Press
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Series
  • Records of Civilization
Subject
  • European: 400-1400
Citable Link

  • Table of Contents

  • Reviews

  • Stats

  • Frontmatter
    • Structure and General Argument (page xix)
    • The Basic Themes: Reason, Power, and the People's Will (page xxx)
    • Religion and Politics (page xlvi)
    • Language and Translation (page lxvi)
    • List of Frequent References and Abbreviations (page xciii)
  • THE DEFENDER OF PEACE DISCOURSE ONE
    • I. On the General Aim of the Discussion, the Cause of That Aim, and the Division of the Book (page 3)
    • II. On the First Questions in This Book, and the Distinction of the Various Meanings of the Term "State" (page 8)
    • III. On the Origin of the Civil Community (page 9)
    • IV. On the Final Cause of the State and of Its Civil Requirements, and the Differentiation in General of Its Parts (page 12)
    • V. On the Differentiation of the Parts of the State, and the Necessity of Their Separate Existence for an End Discoverable by Man (page 15)
    • VI. On the Final Cause of a Certain Part of the State, the Priesthood, Shown from the Immediate Teaching or Revelation of God, but Incapable of Being Proved by Human Reason (page 21)
    • VII. On the Other Kinds of Causes of the Separate Existence of the Parts of the State, and the Division of Each Kind in Two Ways Relevant to Our Purpose (page 25)
    • VIII. On the Genera of Polities or Regimes, the Temperate and the Diseased, and the Division of Their Species (page 27)
    • IX. On the Methods of Establishing a Kingly Monarchy, and Which Method Is the More Perfect; Also on the Methods of Establishing the Other Kinds of Regime or Polity, Both Temperate and Diseased (page 28)
    • X. On the Distinction of the Meanings of the Term "Law," and on the Meaning Which Is Most Proper and Intended by Us (page 34)
    • XI.On the Necessity for Making Laws (Taken in Their Most Proper Sense); and That No Ruler, However Virtuous or Just, Should Rule Without Laws (page 37)
    • XII. On the Demonstrable Efficient Cause of Human Laws, and Also on That Cause Which Cannot Be Proved by Demonstration: Which Is to Inquire into the Legislator. Whence It Appears Also That Whatever Is Established by Election Derives Its Authority from Election Alone Apart from Any Other Confirmation (page 44)
    • XIII. On Some Objections to the Statements Made in the Preceding Chapter, and Their Refutation, Together with a Fuller Expostion of the Proposition (page 49)
    • XIV. On the Qualities or Dispositions of the Perfect Ruler, That It May Be Known What Kind of Person Should Be Named to the Rulership. Whence There Appears Also the Appropriate Matter or Subject of Human Laws (page 56)
    • XV. On the Efficient Cause of the Best Method of Establishing the Government; from Which There Also Appears the Efficient Cause of the Other Parts of the State (page 61)
    • XVI. Whether It Is More Expedient for the Polity to Appoint Each Monarch Individually by a New Election, or to Elect One Monarch Alone with All His Posterity, Which Is Usually Called Hereditary Succession (page 68)
    • XVII. On the Numerical Unity of the Supreme Government of the City or State, and the Necessity for That Unity; Whence There Appears Also the Numerical Unity of the City or State Itself, and of Each of Its Primary Parts or Offices (page 80)
    • XVIII. On the Correction of the Ruler, and for What Cause, How, and by Whom He Must Be Punished When He Transgresses the Law (page 87)
    • XIX. On the Efficient Causes of the Tranquillity and Intranquillity of the City or State, and on That Singular Cause Which Disturbs States in an Unusual Way; and on the Connection between the First Discourse and the Second (page 89)
    • I. On Three Impediments or Modes of Opposition to the Truths Contained in This Discourse; the Aim of the Discussion; and the Method of Procedure (page 98)
    • II. On the Distinction of the Meanings of the Words or Terms Which Compose the Questions to Be Decided (page 102)
    • III. On the Canonic Statements and Other Arguments Which Seem to Prove That Coercive Rulership Belongs to Bishops or Priests as Such, Even without the Grant of the Human Legislator, and That the Supreme of All Such Rulerships Belongs to the Roman Bishop or Pope (page 108)
    • IV. On the Canonic Scriptures, the Commands, Counsels, and Examples of Christ and of the Saints and Approved Doctors Who Expounded the Evangelic Law, Whereby It Is Clearly Demonstrated That the Roman or Any Other Bishop or Priest, or Clergyman, Can by Virtue of the Words of Scripture Claim or Ascribe to Himself No Coercive Rulership or Contentious Jurisdiction, Let Alone the Supreme Jurisdiction over Any Clergyman or Layman; and That, by Christ's Counsel and Example, They Ought to Refuse Such Rulership, Especially in Communities of the Faithful, If It Is Offered To Them or Bestowed on Them by Someone Having the Authority to Do So; and Again, That All Bishops, and Generally All Persons Now Called Clergymen, Must Be Subject to the Coercive Judgment or Rulership of Him Who Governs by the Authority of the Human Legislator, Especially Where This Legislator Is Christian (page 113)
    • V. On the Canonic Utterances of the Apostles and the Expositions of the Saints and Doctors, Which Clearly Prove the Same As in the Preceding Chapter (page 127)
    • VI. On the Authority of the Priestly Keys, and What Kind of Power the Priest or Bishop Has in Excommunication (page 140)
    • VII. Summary of the Statements Made in the Preceding Chapter, and Their Clarification and Confirmation (page 152)
    • VIII. On the Division of Human Acts, and How They are Related to Human Law and the Judge of This World (page 156)
    • IX. On the Relation of Human Acts to Divine Law and to the Judge of the Other World, Namely Christ; and Also How These Acts are Related to the Teacher of the Same Law, the Bishop or Priest, in This World (page 163)
    • X. On the Coercive Judge of Heretics, Namely to Whom It Pertains to Judge Heretics in This World, to Correct Them, to Inflict on Them Penalties in Person and in Property, and to Exact and Dispose of These Penalties (page 173)
    • XI. On Some Signs, Testimonies, and Examples from Both Canonic and Human Writings, Which Show the Truth of the Conclusions Reached in Chapters IV, V, VIII, IX, and X of This Discourse with Regard to the Status of Bishops and of Priests Generally. And Why Christ Separated Their Status, That of Poverty, from the Status of Rulers (page 181)
    • XII. On the Differentiation of the Meanings of Certain Terms Necessary for the Determination of Questions Concerning the Status of Supreme Poverty (page 187)
    • XIII. On the Status of Supreme Poverty, Which Is Usually Called Evangelical Perfection; and That This Status Was Held by Christ and His Apostles (page 196)
    • XIV. On Some Objections to the Conclusions of the Preceding Chapter, the Refutation of These Objections, and Confirmation of the Statements Made in That Chapter (page 215)
    • XV. On the Differentiation of the Priestly Office According to Its Essential and Accidental, Separable and Inseparable Authority; and That No Priest Is Inferior to a Bishop in Essential, but Only in Accidental Dignity (page 233)
    • XVI. On the Equality of the Apostles In Each Office or Dignity Bestowed on Them Immediately by Christ. Whence Is Proved What Was Said in the Preceding Chapter Concerning the Equality of All Their Successors; and How All the Bishops Are Alike Successors of Every Apostle (page 241)
    • XVII. On the Authority to Appoint the Bishops and Other Ministers and Curates of the Church to Each of Their Dignities or Offices, the Separable and the Inseparable (page 254)
    • XVIII. On the Origin and First Status of the Christian Church, and Whence the Roman Bishop and Church Assumed the Abovementioned Authority and a Certain Primacy over the Other Bishops and Churches (page 267)
    • XIX. On Certain Preliminary Considerations Needed for the Determination of the Afore-mentioned Authority and Primacy: What Statements or Writings It Is Necessary to Believe in and to Acknowledge as True for the Sake of Eternal Salvation (page 274)
    • XX. To Whom Belongs or Has Belonged the Authority to Define or Determine Doubtful Sentences of the Holy Scripture (page 279)
    • XXI. To Whom Belongs or Has Hitherto Belonged the Coercive Authority to Assemble a General Council of Priests, Bishops, and Other Believers; and to Whom Belongs the Authority in the Council to Make Decrees Disobedience to Which Would Render Believers Liable to Punishment or Guilt for the Status of the Present or the Future World; and Again, to Whom Belongs the Authority in This World to Punish Any Transgressor of the Decrees or Decisions of the General Council. Furthermore, That No Bishop or Priest Can Excommunicate Any Ruler or Place Any People under an Interdict, or Bestow on Anyone Ecclesiastic Temporal Benefices or Tithes or Licenses to Teach, or Any Civil Offices, Except by the Decision and Grant of the General Council or the Human Legislator or Both (page 287)
    • XXII. In What Sense the Roman Bishop and His Church Are the Head and Leader of the Others; and by What Authority This Headship Belongs to Them (page 299)
    • XXIII. On the Modes of Plenitude of Power, and the Manner and Order of Their Assumption by the Roman Bishop, Together with a General Statement of How He Has Used and Still Uses Them (page 313)
    • XXIV. How in Particular the Roman Bishop Has Used His Assumed Primacy and Plenitude of Power within the Limits of the Church or the Priestly Household (page 321)
    • XXV. How in Particular the Roman Bishop Has Used His Assumed Primacy and Plenitude of Power outside the Limits of the Church, with Respect to Laymen or Civil Affairs (page 331)
    • XXVI. How the Roman Bishop Has Used This Plenary Power and Primacy Still More Particularly with Regard to the Roman Ruler and Empire (page 344)
    • XXVII. On Some Objections to the Conclusions of Chapter XV of This Discourse and of the Chapters Following (page 364)
    • XXVIII. Replies to the Foregoing Objections (page 371)
    • XXIX. Refutation of the Objections Which Were Adduced from Scripture in Chapter III of This Discourse for the Purpose of Showing That Coercive Jurisdiction Belongs to the Bishops, and That the Supreme Coercive Jurisdiction Belongs to the Roman Bishop As Such (page 405)
    • XXX. Refutation of the Rational Arguments Presented in Chapter III of This Discourse for the Same Purpose; and Also Concerning the Transfer of the Roman Empire and of Any Other Government: How It Should and Can Be Done According to Right Reason (page 415)
    • I. Review of the Principal Aims and Conclusions of Discourses I and II, and Their Connection with What Is to Follow (page 425)
    • II. In Which are Explicitly Inferred Certain Conclusions Which Follow Necessarily from the Results Set Forth in the First Two Discourses. By Heeding These Conclusions, Rulers and Subjects Can More Easily Attain the End Aimed at by This Book (page 426)
    • III. On the Title of This Book (page 431)
    • Appendix I. On Marsilius' Misinterpretations of Some Texts of Aristotle (page 433)
    • Appendix II. Natural Desire, the Unity of the Intellect, and Political Averroism (page 435)
  • INDEX (page 443)
Reviews
Journal AbbreviationLabelURL
SP 33.2 (Apr. 1958): 284-293 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2850796
APSR 47.1 (Mar. 1953): 215-217 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1950968
AHR 58.2 (Jan. 1953): 338-340 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1842202
JR 38.1 (Jan. 1958): 57-58 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1200383
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