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Making Flour the German Way in Roman Britain: Distribution, use and deposition of imported lava quernstones and millstones
Lindsay Banfield
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The importance of food processing in the past is evident from the frequent occurrence of milling tools on archaeological sites. During the Roman period in Britain, imported lava milling tools from the Mayen region of Germany complement those of indigenous stone types, but distribution and use of lava in the province has never been systematically examined. This research presents the first study of this material in Roman Britain, cataloguing and analysing 2,707 lava milling tools from 564 sites. A further 601 sites where lava was absent but other lithologies occurred have also been recorded. Analysis was completed using an object biography approach to investigate the key stages of manufacture, distribution, primary use, reuse/modification, and deposition at various case study sites to reflect lava milling tool use in rural, urban, and military contexts.
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Front Cover
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Title Page
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Copyright Page
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Archaeology of Roman Britain
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Of Related Interest
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Acknowledgements
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Contents
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List of Figures
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List of Tables
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Abstract
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1. Introduction
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1.1. Context of Study
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1.2. Querns as Artefacts
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1.3. Mills and Millstones
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1.4. Differentiating Between Mills and Querns
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2. From Quarry to Quern: Previous Research on Lava Milling Tools
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2.1. Lava Querns: Terminology
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2.1.1. Surface Dressing
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2.1.2. Quern Mechanisms and Components.
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2.2. Lava Quern Typology
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2.3. Lava Millstones: Disc Types
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2.4. Pompeian Style Mills
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2.5. Quarrying and Organisation of Labour
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2.6. Stone extraction: Quarrying process
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2.7. ‘Im Winkel’: A Possible Quern Finishing Location
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2.8. Distribution Analysis and Mechanisms of Exchange
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2.9. Transporting Goods
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2.10. Trade Routes for Imported Goods: North Sea Trade
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2.11. The Economy of Stone Exchange in the Roman Empire
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2.12. The Lava Quern Trade in Continental Europe and Britain
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2.13. Distribution of Provenanced Lava Milling Tools in Mainland Europe and Britain
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2.14. Applying Economic Considerations: Roman Britain and the Lava Quern Trade
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3. Volcanic Beginnings: Lava Sources
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3.1. Mayen Lava as a Material
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3.2. Geological Background
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3.3. Geological Description and Properties
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3.4. Petrographic and Geochemical Analysis
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3.5. Future Research
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4. Methodology
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4.1. Practical Aspects of Data Collection, Recording and Analysis
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4.1.1. Quantification
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4.1.2. In-Person Quern Recording
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4.1.3. Digitising the Data and Completing the Analysis
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4.2. Object Biographies
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4.3. Imported Lava Querns and Millstones: Applying an Object Biography Approach
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4.3.1. Manufacture
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4.3.2. Distribution
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4.3.3. Primary use
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4.3.4. Re-use/Modification
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4.3.5. Deposition/Disposal
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5. Making Flour the German Way: Analysis of Lava Quern and Millstone Use Across the Province
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5.1. The Dataset
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5.2. Manufacture
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5.2.1. Diameter of Stone
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5.2.2. Width of Kerb
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5.2.3. Handle Fittings
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5.2.4. Rynd Chase Types
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5.3. Distribution
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5.3.1. Overall Spatial Distribution
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5.3.2. Distribution by Site Type
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5.3.3. Chronological Change in Distribution
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5.4. Primary Use
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5.4.1. Stone Thickness for the Whole Dataset
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5.4.2. Stone Thickness by Region
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5.4.3. Stone Thickness by Site Type
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5.5. Reuse
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5.6. Deposition
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5.7. Conclusion
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6. Foreign Stone in the Hands of Farmers: Lava Querns and Millstones in Rural Roman Britain
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6.1. Introduction
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6.2. The Dataset
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6.2.1. Millstones vs Quern stones
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6.2.2. Rural Quern Stone Thickness
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6.3. Distribution Analysis
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6.3.1. General Distribution: Examining Presence/Absence of Lava Milling Tools
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6.3.2. Close-up Analysis of Distributions in East Anglia and the South-East
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6.3.3. Distribution by Site Type
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6.3.4. Chronological Distribution
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6.4. Conclusion
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7. Day to Day Grind of Urban Life: Lava Quern and Millstone Use in Romano-British Towns
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7.1. Verulamium: Introduction and Background
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7.2. Verulamium: The Dataset
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7.3. Verulamium: Manufacture
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7.3.1. The Millstones
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7.3.2. The Miniature Milling Tool
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7.3.3. The Querns
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7.4. Verulamium: Distribution
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7.5. Verulamium: Primary Use
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7.6. Verulamium: Reuse/Modification
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7.7. Verulamium: Deposition
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7.8. Verulamium: Conclusions
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7.9. Silchester: Introduction and Background
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7.10. Silchester: The Dataset
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7.11. Silchester: Manufacture
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7.11.1. Millstones vs Querns
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7.11.2. The ‘Pompeian’ Style Millstones
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7.11.3. Identifiable Typological Features
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7.12. Silchester: Distribution
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7.12.1. Distribution by Stone Type
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7.12.2. Chronological Distribution- Lava Volume and Comparison with Other Stone Types
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7.13. Sichester: Primary Use
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7.13.1. Stone Thickness
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7.13.2. Dressing Style
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7.14. Silchester: Reuse/Modification
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7.15. Silchester: Deposition
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7.16. Silchester: Conclusions
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7.17. Urban Sites: Conclusions
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8. Milling at the Edge of an Empire: Lava Quern and Millstone Use at Northern Military Sites
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8.1. Corbridge: Introduction and Background
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8.2. Corbridge: The Dataset
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8.3. Corbridge: Manufacture
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8.3.1. Stone Diameter
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8.3.2. Kerbs
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8.3.3. Handle Fittings
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8.3.4. Rynd Fittings
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8.3.5. Surface Dressing
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8.4. Corbridge: Distribution
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8.5. Corbridge: Primary Use
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8.5.1. Upper Quern Stone Thickness
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8.5.2. Lower Quern Stone Thickness
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8.6. Corbridge: Reuse/Modification
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8.7. Corbridge: Deposition
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8.8. Chesters: Introduction and Background
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8.9. Chesters: The Dataset
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8.10. Chesters: Manufacture
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8.10.1. Lower Stones
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8.10.2. Upper Stones
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8.10.3. Unidentified Stone
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8.10.4. Stone Diameters
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8.11. Chesters: Primary Use
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8.12. Chesters: Reuse/Modification
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8.13. Housesteads: Introduction and Background
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8.14. Housesteads: The Dataset
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8.15. Housesteads: Manufacture
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8.15.1. Diameter of Stone
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8.15.2. Kerbs and Handle Fittings
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8.15.3. Dressing
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8.16. Housesteads: Distribution
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8.17. Housesteads: Primary Use
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8.17.1. Upper Stone Thickness
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8.17.2. Lower Stone Thickness
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8.18. Housesteads: Reuse/Modification
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8.19. Housesteads: Deposition
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8.20. Vindolanda: Introduction and Background
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8.21. Vindolanda: The Dataset
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8.22. Vindolanda: Manufacture
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8.22.1. Kerbs
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8.22.2. Diameter of Stone: Quern vs Millstone
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8.22.3. Quern Diameter
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8.22.4. Rynd
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8.22.5. Handle Fittings
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8.23. Vindolanda: Distribution
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8.23.1. Spatial Distribution
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8.23.2. Chronological Distribution
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8.24. Vindolanda: Primary use
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8.24.1. Wear Traces
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8.24.2. Quern Thickness: Upper Stones
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8.24.3. Quern Thickness: Lower Stones
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8.24.4. Inscriptions
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8.25. Vindolanda: Re-use/Modification
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8.26. Vindolanda: Deposition
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8.27. Vindolanda: Conclusion
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9. Conclusion
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Bibliography
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Back Cover
Citable Link
Published: 2023
Publisher: BAR Publishing
- 9781407360829 (ebook)
- 9781407360812 (paper)
BAR Number: B681