Fig. 1. Number of mentions of “immigration” in US newspaper articles from 1984 to 2018. The number of mentions of “immigration” in US newspaper articles from 1984 to 2018 has greatly increased, especially around 2016.

Fig. 2. Number of mentions of “immigration” and the last name of the Republican Party nominee for president in US newspaper articles in presidential election years, from 1984 to 2018.

Fig. 3. Number of mentions of “anti-immigration” and “Republican” in the same US newspaper articles from 1984 to 2018.

Fig. 4. Number of joint mentions of “anti-immigration” and “Trump” in US newspaper articles from 1984 to 2018.

Fig. 5. Interest in presidential elections from second-generation Americans from the ANES survey (1952–2020).

Fig. 6. Average feeling thermometer ratings for illegal immigrants for non-second-generation and second-generation Americans in the 2016 ANES survey.

Fig. 7. Thermometer feelings of second-generation Americans toward republican presidential nominees, 1968 to 2016. ANES data.

Fig. 8. Angry feelings of second-generation Americans toward Republican presidential nominees, 1980 to 2016. ANES data.

Fig. 9. Fear among second-generation Americans toward Republican presidential nominees, 1980 to 2016. ANES data.

Fig. 10. Results of the sentiment analysis for Trump’s immigration tweets.

Fig. 11. Polling support for Trump in the Republican primary in 2015 and 2016 and the dates of two major anti-immigration speeches.

Fig. 12. Results of exposure to the experimental stimuli for all three conditions for patriotism.

Fig. 13. Histogram of exposure to the experimental stimuli for all three conditions for patriotism.

Fig. 14. Results of treatment effects for all three conditions for American identity.

Fig. 15. Histogram of treatment effects for all three conditions for American identity.

Fig. 16. Feelings of governmental trust of second-generation Americans, 1980 to 2016.

Fig. 17. Levels of agreement with Trump’s ideas on immigration by second-generation and non-second-generation Americans.

Fig. 18. Agreement with the respondent having a linked fate with immigrants by second-generation and non-second-generation Americans.

Fig. 19. The level of Republican Party identification after exposure to the treatment conditions.

Fig. 20. The level of Republican Party identification after exposure to the treatment conditions for conservative second-generation Americans.