Fig. 2.3. Committee Reported Bill Trends, 1981–2018. (Source: THOMAS/Congress.gov, calculated by the author. Panel A (top) displays the data as counts, Panel B (bottom) as proportions. The points represent the averages in each congress, the gray shaded areas represent a standard deviation above and below the averages.)

Fig. 2.3. Committee Reported Bill Trends, 1981–2018. (Source: THOMAS/Congress.gov, calculated by the author. Panel A (top) displays the data as counts, Panel B (bottom) as proportions. The points represent the averages in each congress, the gray shaded areas represent a standard deviation above and below the averages.)

Fig. 2.5. Committee Markup Averages, 1981–2018. (Source: THOMAS/Congress.gov, calculated by the author. House markup ratios are displayed in the left panel and Senate markup ratios in the right.)

Fig. 2.8. House Committee Reported Bills Trends, 1981–2018. (Source: THOMAS/Congress.gov, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 2.9. Senate Committee Reported Bills Trends, 1981–2018. (Source: THOMAS/Congress.gov, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 2.10. Average Workload in Legislative Hearings, 1981–2012. (Source: Policy Agendas Project Congressional Hearings dataset, compiled by the author. The 112th Congress was the last complete set of hearings when these data were collected.)

Fig. 3.4. Open Debate Rules in the House of Representatives, 1981–2016. (Source: Sinclair 2007 [97th–108th Congresses] and Congress.gov [109th–114th Congresses]; the former calculated by Donald Wolfensberger, the latter calculated by the author. The Wolfensberger calculations only refer to “restrictive” rules that include closed, modified closed, and modified open rules in the same statistic.)

Fig. 3.5. Senate Cloture Motions and Majority Party Leader Involvement, 1981–2018. (Source: Senate.gov, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 3.6. Resolving Intercameral Differences through Conference Committee, 1981–2018. (Source: Congress.gov, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 3.7. Total Subcommittees and Oversight Subcommittees in Congress, 1981–2018. (Source: Congressional Directory, history.house.gov, www.senate.gov/committees/committee_assignments.htm; compiled by the author.)

Fig. 3.8. Predicted Values for House Legislative Activity, Multiple vs. Primary Referral Era. (Note: Y-axes are on the logarithmic scale due to transforming beta regression results.)

Fig. 3.9. Predicted Values for Senate Legislative Activity from Previous Cloture Motions. (Note: Y-axes are on the logarithmic scale due to transforming beta regression results.)

Fig. 5.4. Predicted Values for House Legislative Hearings from Federal Outlays. (Note: Y-axes are on the logarithmic scale due to transforming beta regression results.)

Fig. 5.5. Predicted Values for Senate Reported Bills from Federal Outlays. (Note: Y-axes are on the logarithmic scale due to transforming beta regression results.)

Fig. 6.5. Linear Trends in Legislative Hearings by Policy Area. (Source: Policy Agendas Project Congressional Hearings dataset, compiled by the author.)

Fig. 6.6. Linear Trends in Reported Bills by Policy Area. (Source: Congressional Bills Project, compiled by the author.)

Fig. 6.7. Categories of Committee vs. Chamber Floor Legislating.

Fig. 6.8. Trends in House Committee Lawmaking vs. the Floor. (Source: Policy Agendas Project, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 6.9. Trends in Senate Committee Lawmaking vs. the Floor. (Source: Policy Agendas Project, calculated by the author.)

Fig. 6.10. Trends in Committee Lawmaking vs. Enacted Law Titles. (Source: Congressional Bills Project, Michelle Whyman’s law titles dataset [housed at the Comparative Agendas Project]; calculated by the author.)